THE CEREAL BY-PRODUCTS 199 



coarser paste, due to the ground bran in them. Shorts do 

 not form a paste at all. After tasting all three of these 

 feeds, one after the other, one usually has no trouble in 

 distinguishing them. 



Shipstuff is a mixture of all or any of the by-products 

 obtained from the milling of the wheat berry. Its feeding 

 value, of course, depends upon the products which enter 

 into its composition. In some localities the term shipstuff 

 is used to designate middlings or shorts. 



Wheat screenings, as their name implies, consist of the 

 broken and shrunken wheat kernels, weed seeds, and other 

 foreign material which result from the cleaning and grading 

 of wheat. Their feeding value, of course, depends largely 

 upon the proportion of wheat to weed seeds and dirt. 

 Screenings should always be finely ground in order to prevent 

 the introduction of weeds on the farm. The screenings are 

 often added to the bran and sold either as pure bran or as 

 '' bran with screenings." Screenings are used also to a con- 

 siderable extent in many commercial mixed feeds. 



BARLEY BY-PRODUCTS 



The principal by-products of barley are obtained from the 

 breweries. They are brewers' grains (wet and dry) and malt 

 sprouts. 



Brewers' Grains. — In the manufacture of beer, the barley 

 grains are first soaked in warm water until they are soft. 

 They are then held at a comparatively high temperature and 

 allowed to sprout, during which process a considerable part 

 of the starch of the grain is changed by the action of enzymes 

 to maltose or malt sugar. After sprouting, the grains are 

 quickly dried and the little rootlets are removed. These 



