TYPHOID INFECTION 417 



abundant as to produce a turbidity (typhoid bacilluria) 

 and cystitis. It is also pyogenic, and occurs (usually in 

 pure culture) in concurrent or post-typhoidal complica- 

 tions, e.g. empyema, abscesses, osteomyelitis, suppurating 

 ovarian cysts, etc. Clumps of bacilli in the gall-bladder 

 have been suggested as the nuclei of gall-stones, and the 

 bacilli may be so numerous in the gall-bladder and bile- 

 ducts as to cause cholecystitis and cholangitis. It is not 

 easy to isolate the organism from the stools, and plate 

 cultivations on special media must be employed, e.g. 

 bile-salt, Conradi-Drigalski, malachite-green, or brilliant- 

 green, agar (see p. 438). 



The lower animals are insusceptible to infection with 

 the typhoid bacillus by the mouth. Injected intra- 

 peritoneally into mice and guinea-pigs the B. typhosus 

 usually produces death, and the same result follows from 

 intravenous injection in rabbits, but the pathogenic 

 effects so obtained are not specific. By continuous cultiva- 

 tion it loses its pathogenic properties. Remlinger, by 

 feeding young rabbits on vegetables, cabbage, etc., soaked 

 in water, to which had been added some culture of the 

 typhoid bacillus, succeeded in inducing a condition 

 resembling typhoid fever in man a typical rise of 

 temperature, a period of pyrexia with morning remission, 

 followed by a typical fall of temperature. The animals 

 suffered from diarrhoea, and their blood gave the agglu- 

 tination reaction. Post-mortem, the intestine was con- 

 gested and filled with yellow diarrhceic matter, the 

 Peyer's patches were swollen and in some places com- 

 mencing to ulcerate. The spleen was increased to two or 

 three times its normal size, and cultures of the typhoid 

 bacillus were obtained from it. Metchnikoff l infected the 

 chimpanzee per os with typhoid faeces. 



The agglutination reaction. A. S. Griinbaum (now 



1 See Ann. de VInst. Pasteur, xxv, 1911, p. 193. 

 M.B. 27 



