604 A MANUAL OF BACTERIOLOGY 



and anti-bodies are distinct from the syphilis antigen and 

 anti-bodies, though the ordinary Wassermann test may 

 react with yaws. 



Spirochaetes are also present in the ulcerating granu- 

 loma of the pudenda of Guiana (Wise) and Australia, in 

 malignant growths, in ulcers, in the mouth (p. 689), and 

 in Vincent's angina (p. 353). 



Blood spirochaetes have been found in many animals, 

 e.g. cattle (S. Theileri), mice (S. muris), fowls (S. galli- 

 narum), and geese (S. anserina). 



Staining methods. Blood-smears may be stained with 

 the Leishman or Giemsa stain (pp. 648 et seq.). 



Syphilis 



Various bacterial organisms were described in this 

 disease, e.g. by Lustgarten, Eve and Lingard, Van 

 Niessen, de Lisle and Jullien, etc., and bodies regarded 

 as protozoa by Siegel, de Korte, and others. In March, 

 1905, Schaudinn 1 noted the constant presence of a 

 spiriform organism or spirochaete, Spironema pallidum 

 (Spirochaeta pallida (Schaudinn), Treponema pallidum), 

 in various lesions in acquired and congenital syphilis. 

 The S. pallidum varies from 6 to 15 /x in length, averaging 

 8-9 ju, (Plates XXV, 6, and XXVI, a). It is much more 

 attenuated than the majority of spirochaetes, having a 

 maximum thickness of 0-3 /x, has from three to twelve, 

 usually from six to eight, twists, forming a close, regular, 

 and narrow spiral, is actively motile, and possesses a 

 single delicate flagellum at each end. It stains feebly 

 and with difficulty. Another spirochaete. the S. refringens, 

 frequently accompanies, and must not be mistaken for, 

 the S. pallidum in ulcerating lesions ; the former is more 

 refractile and coarser, has fewer twists and forms a 



1 Arbeit, a. d. kaiser. Gesundheitsamte, xx> 1905. 



