192 SCIENTIFIC FEEDING OF ANIMALS 



earth-nut shells, chaff from rice and oats. All the 

 above-mentioned have at times been used, and 

 when carefully ground and mixed with the bran, 

 or meal, deceive the eye of the customer, and give 

 a big profit to the seller. Whoever wishes to 

 escape such fraud and not injure his cattle and 

 fields should always demand pure, unadulterated 

 bran, or feeding meal, and not use anything that 

 has not been tested for purity and absence of 

 adulterants. 



It may be noted here that the less perfectly the 

 corn is ground the richer the bran is in flour, and 

 so of higher food value. The brans from wheat 

 and rye are known to the trade under various 

 names, according to the fineness and the way in 

 which the process of milling is carried on. 



The feeding meals, which are also sold under 

 various names, are the last portions of flour ob- 

 tained during milling. Usually from cleaned rye 

 20-25% bran and 5-10% feeding meal are got, 

 whilst from cleaned wheat the total amount of bran 

 is 20% and 5% of feeding meal. 



The by-products, or refuse, from the grinding 

 of barley or oats are more numerous than those 

 from wheat or rye, owing to the husks, which cause 

 the refuse to differ very considerably, according 

 to the method of husking and grinding. Barley, 

 which is principally made into pearl barley, groats, 

 etc., yields, as by-products, a bran which contains 



