TABLE OF CONTENTS 



PART I 

 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 



PAGE 



CHAPTER I. THE MICROSCOPE IN MODERN PHARMACY 1 



CHAPTER II. GENERAL SUGGESTIONS ON THE EXAMINATION OF VEGETABLE 



POWDERS 10 



1. Description of Colors and Color Standards 10 



2. Tactile Sensations 11 



3. Odor and Odor Standards 12 



4. Taste and Standards of Taste 20 



CHAPTER III. THE QUALITY AND PURITY OP VEGETABLE DRUGS FROM THE 



STANDPOINT OP THE PURE DRUGS ACT 27 



1. The Pure Drug Laws 27 



2. -IT. S. P. Standards and Definitions of Standards 40 



CHAPTER IV. CAUSES MODIFYING THE CHARACTERISTICS OP VEGETABLE 



POWDERS 45 



1. Normal Variations . . 45 



2. Parasites ' 46 



CHAPTER V. POWDERING VEGETABLE DRUGS 53 



CHAPTER VI. ADULTERATION OR SOPHISTICATION OP VEGETABLE DRUGS . 60 



1. Adulteration as to Intent 61 



(a) Unintentional or Accidental Adulteration 61 



(b) Intentional or Criminal Adulteration 62 



2. Manner of Adulteration 63 



3. Substances Employed in Adulteration 64 



4. The Detection of Adulterations 69 



CHAPTER VII. THE MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION OF POWDERED VEGETABLE 



DRUGS 70 



1. Equipment and Methods 70 



2. Tissue Terminology and Identification of Tissues . 78 



3. Occurrence and Distribution of Tissue Elements in Plant Organs ... 83 



(a) Leaves 83 



(6) Flowers 86 



(c) Fruits and Seeds 87 



(d) Barks 89 



(c) Roots and Rhizomes . . 90 



(/) Stems 92 



(0) Woods 93 



(h) Other Plant Parts 93 



4. Tabulation of Tissues and Tissue Elements 93 



5. Illustrations, with Descriptions, of Plant Tissues 101 



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