106 POWDERED VEGETABLE DRUGS 



DESCRIPTION OF PLATE III 



FIG. 16. Buckwheat. 1. Proteid-bearing tissue. 2. Starch-bearing endosperm 

 tissue. Cell walls are very thin and the entire cell lumen is packed with starch granules. 



3. Starch granules. The granules resemble those of corn, being somewhat smaller. 



4. Sclerenchymatous fibers. 



Buckwheat is the predominating ingredient of the buckwheat pancake flours and 

 is occasionally used as an adulterant of spices. 



FIG. 17. Tissues of the Pine. 1. The characteristic tracheids with bordered 

 pits. 2. Bast-like fibers of the bark. 3. Crystal-bearing bark parenchyma cells. 

 4. Tracheids in radial view. 5. Medullary ray cells in radial view. Pine wood 

 (pulp) is much used in making paper. 



FIG. 18. Sclerenchyma Cells of Olive Pits. Ground olive pits were, until recently, 

 extensively employed as an adulterant of spiees and drugs. 



FIG. 19. Clove Stems. A very common adulterant of cloves and of allspice. 

 1. Typical sclerenchyma cells. 2. Sclerenchyma cells with unequally thickened 

 walls. 3. Sclerenchymatous bast fibers. 



