138 POWDERED VEGETABLE DRUGS 



19. Piperine. Heat ground white pepper in milk of lime, dry, 

 and extract residue with ether. Recrystallize from hot alcoholic 

 solution. 



20. Quinine. From water. From acidulated water. From solu- 

 tion of the sulphate. 



21. Salicylic acid. By sublimation from 1-1000 aqueous solution. 



22. Strychnine. (See Brucine.) 



23. Vanillin. From ether. From alcohol. From chloroform. 

 From water. 



24. Phytosterol. Pure crystals from plant fats by the method of 

 the Bureau of Animal Industry. 



25. Cholesterol. Pure crystals from animal fats by the method of 

 the Bureau of Animal Industry. 



26. Fat crystals. As they occur in old and rancid vegetable and 

 animal oils and fats. 



DESCRIPTION OF PLATE VII 



The fatty bases employed in pharmaceutical manufacture may undergo molec- 

 ular disintegration and bacterial decomposition, which decomposition changes 

 became manifest by change in color, rancidity, mustiness and by the formation of 

 fat crystals. The following are the principal types of fat crystals. 



FIG. 29. Phytosterol Crystals. These are the characteristic crystals derived from 

 vegetable oils and fats, isolated in purity by the method employed by the Bureau of 

 Animal Industry (U. S. Dep't. Agr.), in Circular No. 212, May 10, 1913. 



FIG. 30. Cholesterol Crystals. Pure crystals derived from animals fats by the 

 method employed by the Bureau of Animal Industry. 



FIG. 31 Beef Fat Crystals. As they appear in beef fat. a, A cluster of crystals 

 as they appear under the low power of the compound microscope. 6, Ends of the 

 crystals as they appear under the high power. 



FIG. 32. Duck Fat Crystals. a, Low power; b, high power. 



FIG. 33. Lard Crystals. a, Clusters of crystals as seen under the low power of the 

 compound microscope, b, Crystals more highly magnified. (From rancid lard.) 



FIG. 34. Smoking Opium. Crystals of the menconates of the alkaloids of opium 

 as they appear in Chinese smoking opium. 



