268 POWDERED VEGETABLE DRUGS 



45. CARTHAMUS. Safflower. 



Entire. 



African, False, American, or Dyer's Saffron, E. Saflor, G. Carthame, 

 Fr. 



The florets (removed from receptacle or torus) of Carthamus 

 tinctoriuslj., Compositse. 



Deep red. 



Fragrant; faint odor of cured tobacco. 



Somewhat bitter; saliva yellow. 



Epidermal cells with red coloring matter soluble in water. Pollen 

 grains quite large, exine with rather blunt conical projections and 

 three very distinct pores. 



Ash 5.5 per cent. 



Much employed as an adulterant of and substitute for Crocus 

 Sativus. Exhausted safHower may be found occasionally. 



46. (Fig. 60.) CARYOPHYLLUS. Cloves. U. S. 



Ground, rather coarse. 



Gewtirznelken, Nagelein, G. Girofle, G^rofle, Clous aromatiques, 

 Fr. 



The unexpanded flowers of Eugenia aromatica K., Myrtaceae. 



Deep dark reddish brown. 



Very aromatic; clove odor. 



Very pungent, benumbing. 



Pollen grains triangular mostly immature; very few, rather, 

 short thick walled bast cells; outer parenchyma of closely united cells 

 containing aggregate crystals of calcium oxalate; cuticle enormously 

 thickened; inner parenchyma spongy. Numerous large glands con- 

 taining oil and resin. No starch present but the parenchyma cells 

 contain oil and small granules of tannin. A concentrated solution of 

 potassium hydrate causes the precipitation of acicular and radiately 

 aggregate crystals (eugenol reaction). 



Ash 6.5 per cent. 



Quite frequently adulterated; with clove stalks, mother cloves 

 (clove fruit), exhausted cloves, roasted flour, etc. Accurate quantita- 

 tive determinations (microanalytical) of the clove stem adulteration 

 may be made by the methods given in Part I. This problem should 

 be performed by the entire class. 



