146 



DAIRY FARMING 



vided with a gutter of sufficient depth. The old style rigid 

 stanchion is not a satisfactory tie, as the cow has no free- 

 dom and cannot lie in a natural position. Many forms of 

 stanchions are in use that are entirely satisfactory. These 

 are generally hung on short chains at top and 

 bottom and are constructed of either wood or 

 steel. The double post slip chain tie is equally 

 comfortable for the animals, but not so con- 

 venient for use. Stanchion or chain ties may 

 be attached to either iron or wooden frame- 

 work as supports. 



134. Ventilation. An abundance of fresh 

 air is as essential as plenty of feed. The most 

 simple form of ventilation is by windows. This 

 works best when the sash is hinged in the mid- 

 dle or at the bottom so that the air can be 

 admitted by tipping the top of the window sash 

 slightly into the room. This throws the air 

 towards the ceiling and away from the animals. 

 This form of ventilation can be used satisfac- 

 torily in mild climates. In northern latitudes 

 it is not satisfactory during severe weather on 

 account of the difficulty of properly controlling 

 the intake of air during rapid changes of wind 

 and temperature. 



The best form of ventilation yet devised is the 

 King system. This consists of a large flue, opening near the 

 floor and extending above the roof, for taking out foul air. A 

 number of smaller openings arranged at intervals of 10 to 12 

 feet along the walls allow for the intake of air. The intakes 

 open to the outer air near the ground, pass upwards inside the 

 wall and open into the barn near the ceiling. These open- 



FIG. 42. 

 A common tie 

 for dairy cows. 

 This stanchion 

 is of steel with 

 a wooden lin- 

 ing and hangs 

 on chains at 

 the top and 

 bottom to al- 

 low freedom of 

 movement. 



