BUTTER. 75 



as of two cows, much smaller provision is required. A 

 single pail, a hair sieve, half a dozen glass milk vessels, 

 two earthenware cream crocks, each capable of holding a 

 couple of gallons of cream, an American box churn, or one 

 of any other make, capable of churning 3 gallons at a time, a 

 butter tub, prints, butter scales, &c., are all that is needed. 

 The various appliances now in use in large butter dairies 

 include many implements and machines unthought of 

 a few years ago. A refrigerator (Lawrence's) presents 

 double vertical corrugated surfaces, over which the milk 

 trickles from above, and is collected below, being made cool 

 by cold water passing upwards between them and escaping 

 at top. The immediate cooling of the milk is necessary 

 when it is despatched by railway for consumption at a 

 distance ; and it is desirable at all times and in every case. 

 Fixed barrel churns, vertical or horizontal, with axles 

 carrying flappers ; barrel churns revolving on horizontal 

 bearings, carrying flanges from the circumference inwards, 

 which lift and dash the contents as the whole revolves ; 

 revolving barrel churns, cylindrical or hexagonal, the axis 

 of motion being arranged somewhat diagonally, which 

 gives an additional emphasis and complicity to the dash of 

 the contents as they revolve, and has the advantage of a 

 special position of rest, which enables the drawing off of 

 the contents without risk end-over-end churns in which 

 the axles or bearings are placed transversely to the length 

 of the barrel, whose contents are flung from end to end as 

 the whole revolves horizontal oscillating churns, in which 

 the cream is thrown first to one end and then the other of 

 a suspended cradle with somewhat less violence than in the 

 other case : All these are so many methods by which the 

 cream is made to yield up its butter ; and it is understood 



