DARWINISM ATTACKED. 69 



therefore, can safely be laid on the leaves of these trees, but the 

 eggs laid by the fall moths on the foliage of these trees give up their 

 young to certain destruction." 



25 Mivart, St. G., "On the Genesis of Species," 1871. 



26 Wolff, G., "Beitrage zur Kritik der Darwin'schen Lehre," p. 8 

 ff., 1898. 



27 In Piepers, M. C, "Mimikry, Selektion und Darwinismus," 

 1903, the author strongly antagonises the Darwinian explanation 



, of protective warning and mimicking colour patterns, 



tagonism to selec- Piepers claims to show ( i ) that the so-called mimicry 

 tion explanation is a phenomenon or appearance whose biological 

 of colour and pat- va lue is greatly over-praised; (2) that the causes of 

 terno insects, ^^ a p pearance are no t entirely known, yet can in 

 most cases be very well explained without having recourse to this 

 natural selection theory; and (3) that, therefore, mimicry makes 

 natural selection in no wise necessary, and hence lends no basis 

 for its establishing. The author also, in a long discussion of nearly 

 one hundred pages, criticises adversely the selection theories and 

 Darwin in general. He holds that the Darwinian theory of species- 

 building from varieties is very ill-grounded, but finds also de 

 Vries's mutations-theory incompetent to explain species, at least, in 

 the large degree in which they actually exist. The author presents 

 a theory or explanation of his own for species-forming, which is 

 essentially this: Variation is not simply a fluctuation about a stable 

 mean ; it is evolution in small steps. Evolution is the principle of 

 life ; it is determinate, i.e., progressive, yet with rapid, slow, or even 

 standstill periods. There are differences in the rapidity of evolu- 

 tion among similar groups, as classes, orders, families, genera, 

 species, races, even individuals, and the two sexes of a kind. This 

 accounts for the great variety of life. There is a great variety of 

 stages of evolution rather than a great variety of adaptation. 



28 De Vries, Hugo, "The Evidence of Evolution," Science, N. S., 

 Vol. XX, pp. 395-401, 1904. 



29 Lankester, Prof. Ray, Address by, reported in the London Mail, 

 September, 1906. 



30 Ammon O., "Der Abanderungsspielraum," Naturw. Wochen- 

 schr., Vol. XI, pp. I37-I43> I49-I55, 161-166, 1894. 



81 Bumpus, H. C., "The Variations and Mutations of the Intro- 

 duced Sparrow, Passer domesticus," in Biological Lectures, Wood's 

 Holl Laboratory, 1897; also, "The Elimination of the Unfit as illus- 

 trated by the Introduced Sparrow, Passer domesticus," in Biological 

 Lectures, Wood's Holl Laboratory, i8g$; also, "The Variations and 

 Mutations of the Introduced Littorina," Zool. Bull., Vol. I, pp. 247- 

 259, 1898. 



