286 DARWINISM TO-DAY. 



aesthetism (influence of primitive consciousness). In an 

 essay 19 first published by Cope in 1871 the following- 

 hypotheses were presented. (These hypotheses are stated 

 here in Cope's own words, quoted from the preface of his 

 book "The Origin of the Fittest," 1887) : 



"i. The law of repetitive addition, in which the structures 

 of animals were shown to have originated from simple 

 repetitions of identical elements. 



"2. The existence of an especial force which exhibits 

 itself in the growth of organic beings, which was called 

 growth-force, or bathmism. 



"3. That development consists in the location of this 

 energy at certain parts of the organism. 



"4. That this location was accomplished by use or effort, 

 modifying and being modified by the environment; or the 

 doctrine of kinetogenesis. 



"5. That the location of this energy at one point causes its 

 abstraction from other points, producing 'complementary 

 diminution' of force at the latter. 



"6. That the location of this energy, so as to produce the 

 progressive change called evolution, is due to an influence 

 called 'grade influence.' 



"7. That inheritance is a transmission of this form of 

 energy, which builds in precise accord with the sources 

 from which it is derived. 



"8. That this 'grade influence' is an expression of the in- 

 telligence of the animal, which adapts the possessor to the 

 environment by an 'intelligent selection.' 



"9. An attempt to account for the origin of 'mimetic 

 analogy' by 'maternal impressions.' " 



In later writings 20 Cope subdivides his kinetogenesis prin- 

 ciple, or the influence of use, disuse, and environment, into 

 a physico-chemical influence affecting the organism through 

 molecular effects, which he calls physiogenesis, and a me- 

 chanical influence affecting the organism through molar 



