FORESTRY LESSONS ON HOME WOODLANDS. 17 



Correlations. Language : Make a written or an oral report on the 

 methods of cutting and handling timber on the farm with especial 

 reference to disposing of waste timber. Write a short account on 

 the best methods used in the preservation of timber used in posts, 

 railroad ties, and other lumber. 



Arithmetic: Measure the height of stumps in a cut-over 'piece of 

 timber and calculate the amount of lumber wasted. If one hundred 

 T-foot black walnut fence posts averaging 5 inches square in size can 

 be replaced by 100 locust or red cedar posts of the same size, calcu- 

 late, on the basis of local prices, the amount saved by the substitution. 

 If creosoting a softwood post costs 15 cents each for treating but will 

 make it last three times as long as one not treated, assuming average 

 present local prices for labor in replacements and cost of untreated 

 posts, what will be saved in 20 years in fencing a quarter section of 

 land with posts spaced 12 feet apart ? 



Lesson VI. MEASURING AND ESTIMATING TIMBER. 



Problem. How shall timber be measured and estimated ? 



Sources of information. Farmers' Bulletin 715 ; colleges of agri- 

 culture or State foresters' publications ; rule for scaling logs, page 39. 



Topics for study. Measuring saw logs: Show how the diameter 

 at the small end is found by measuring inside the bark along an 

 average line, or two measurements taken at right angles and the 

 two averaged. The diameter and length found, the approximate lum- 

 ber contents is found by referring to a copy of some log rule ; prob- 

 ably the most common rule in use is the Doyle, although for small 

 logs under 16 to 20 inches one of the least accurate rules, because 

 from one-third to one-half more lumber is usually sawed out than is 

 shown by the rule. (See Supplement, p. 39.) 



How bolts and billets are measured. What makes a standard 

 cord of wood? 



Allowances made for defects in saw logs, bolts, or blocks, and in 

 other material. 



Estimating standing trees: Finding approximately the contents 

 of standing trees in cords or board feet of lumber by measuring the 

 diameter at breast-height (4J feet above the ground), estimating 

 or measuring the number of 16- foot log cuts in the tree, and by 

 using volume tables given on pages 18, 22, and 23 of Farmers' Bulle- 

 tin 715. Find the merchantable contents of the tree expressed in 

 board feet. 



Estimating whole woods: Applying the same method to all the 

 trees on a measured one-tenth or one-quarter acre, and thereby 

 estimating the contents per acre. Recording the measurements by 

 different species on a simple blank form ruled in squares in two direc- 

 tions. 



