FORESTRY LESSONS ON HOME WOODLANDS. 5 



names. A few trees are known widely by the same common name, 

 but many are called by different names in various sections of the 

 country. The importance of botanical names for certain identifica- 

 tion. Distinguishing the different kinds or species of trees by some 

 well-marked characteristics of leaf, bark, fruit, seed, buds, or twig 

 arrangement. 



Conifers : Trees bearing cones, such 'as the pines, spruces, firs, hem- 

 locks, cedars, junipers, tamarack, and cypress. How does bald 

 cypress differ from the others ? Distinguishing characteristics of each 

 group or genus, and something about its different members or species, 

 particularly those that occur locally. 



Hardwoods : Trees, most of which have wood harder than that of 

 the conifers and broad leaves which are deciduous, or are shed in the 

 fall. Kinds of hardwood trees which are evergreen. Group the 

 hardwood trees into general groups, such as the oaks, maples, elms, 

 and others, and identify as many different species of each as possible. 



Kinds of trees which are associated together in different forest 

 types, such as (a) ridge type, (b) slope or cove type, (c) bottomland 

 type, and (d) swamp type. What trees locally are associated to 

 make (a) coniferous forest type, (&) pure hardwood type, and (c) 

 mixed hardwood and conifer type. 



Practical exercises. Gathering leaves and fruit of the important 

 local forest trees ; press in wrapping paper, folded and labeled with 

 place and date. 



Studying the shape and size of leaves ; trace a leaf of each of the 

 important kinds of trees, and label with name, place where found, 

 and date. 



Grouping trees by kinds of fruit borne nuts, keys, berries, cones, 

 etc. 



Collect samples of winter buds from leading kinds of trees, label- 

 ing with name of tree, place of collection, and date. 



Study of winter buds, with drawings of buds and twig arrange- 

 ment. 



Collect tree blossoms from red and silver maples, willows, catalpa, 

 elm, oak, dogwood, tulip poplar, basswood, buckeye, ^and magnolia. 



Field study.' 1 Now to the woods, that may come into personal 

 touch with the forest trees of your own neighborhood. 



Leaves: The leaf is the trade-mark of the trees. Gather the 

 leaves, study and compare them to gain a first knowledge of the trees 

 as individuals, then as groups. The tulip poplar writes its name 

 plainly upon its square-cut leaf, but the boxelder has a leaf some- 

 what resembling the ash, though its seed is similar to the maple key. 

 Wherein does the ash leaf differ from that of the locust or the 



1 The sections on. field study in Lessons I and III were contributed by Miss Lucy Keller- 

 house, of the Forest Service. 



