30 FORESTRY IN POLAND. 



best plan of working the forest for the future, the roads 

 which it will be necessary to construct for the transport 

 of timber in fact, all the conditions of the forest which 

 will enable him to prepare a detailed plan for future 

 management, and the subordinate plans and instructions 

 for a term of years, to be handed over to the executive 

 officer as his " standing orders." A complete code of 

 rules for the guidance of the valuators has been drawn up 

 and printed, in which every possible contingency or 

 difficulty is taken into consideration and provided for. 

 Having completed their investigations on the spot, the 

 valuator and surveyor return to head-quarters and pro- 

 ceed to prepare the working plans, maps, &c., from their 

 notes and measurements. These are submitted to the 

 Board or Committee of controlling officers, who examine 

 the plan or scheme in all its details, and if the calcula- 

 tions on which it is based be found accurate, and there 

 are no valid objections on the part of communities or 

 individuals, pass it, on which it is made out in triplicate, 

 one being sent to the executive officer for his guidance, 

 another retained by the controlling officer of the division, 

 and the original at the head quarter office for reference. 

 The executive officer has thus in his hands full instruc- 

 tions for the management of his range down to the 

 minutest detail, a margin being of course allowed for his 

 discretion, and accurate maps on a large scale showing- 

 each subdivision of the forest placed under his charge.' 



With regard to measures adopted to secure natural re- 

 production of exploited forests, he says: 



' Natural reproduction is effected by a gradual removal 

 of the existing older stock. If a forest tract be suddenly 

 cleared, there will ordinarily spring up a mass of coarse 

 herbage and undergrowth, through which seedlings of the 

 forest growth will rarely be able to struggle. In the case 

 of mountain forests being suddenly laid low, we have also 

 to fear not only the sudden appearance of an undergrowth 

 prejudicial to tree reproduction, but the total loss of the 



