FORESTS ON THE DNIEPER. 143 



and only for a short time. The waggons that take the 

 grain will be loaded principally with timber on their 

 return ; and at the railway stations along the line 

 woodyards will be opened, from which only the cartage 

 will commence, and with this a small wood trade, so 

 that the railway having increased the demand for forest 

 materials, will considerably diminish the expense of its 

 transport, and this circumstance is particularly favourable 

 to forest proprietors. But in any case cartage will not 

 loose its importance in the wood trade in the zone 

 destitute of wood of the Orel and Kursk governments, 

 and in making out the estimates this must be taken into 

 consideration. 



' With regard to Orel itself the railway and its tariff 

 alone will be important, but with regard to places lying 

 between railways special attention must be paid to cartage, 

 because it will materially influence the prices of wood 

 materials. 



' The cost of land transport, although subject to 

 different changes, has, however, sufficiently defined founda- 

 tions the cost of food, and consequently the degree of fer- 

 tility of the year, the distance of the forests from the places 

 of consumption, and the state of the weather, as influen- 

 cing the duration of the transport ; these are the points on 

 which generally the prices per pood of the land transport 

 depend. The principal reasons for differences in the cost 

 of transport of different kinds of goods are the cost of pack- 

 ing and the degree of injury goods are liable to in trans- 

 portation. These same circumstances determine the cost 

 of transport of forest materials. The quantity of poods of 

 one or other sorts of forest materials determine the 

 quantity of horses required for cartage ; therefore the 

 weight of the beam, spar, or other sort of forest material, 

 must be taken into consideration in stating the expense 

 of transport, the quantity of each sort of materials that 

 can be placed on each one horse cart, and likewise the 

 cost of a one horse cart for a given number of versts, or 

 for the time necessary for going the distance. In trans- 



