FORESTS ON THE DNIEPER. 147 



' A cubic fathom of firewood, coniferous kinds, 

 requires about ten carts, a cubic fathom of birch and 

 hard leaved kinds will require thirteen carts. Of the 

 loads brought to market they frequently pile a cubic 

 fathom out of eight loads. Generally one must distinguish 

 three kinds of cubic fathoms of wood : Forest fathom, 

 that is the fathom received from the labourers in the 

 forest who are paid by the fathom ; trade fathom, that is 

 the fathom as piled up in the woodyards for sale by the 

 dealers themselves ; and contractors' fathom, that is the 

 fathom piled by the labourers who receive pay for cartage 

 by the fathom. This fathom is called contractors, because 

 on delivering wood per contract, the carters, who likewise 

 pile the wood in the place where it is received, 

 receive an addition if out of the number of fathoms taken 

 by them from the yard more come out at the place of 

 delivery. In cubic contents the forest fathom is the 

 largest. 



' For each vershock of thickness, and archine of length, 

 one need not make a calculation, because in practice in 

 carting such a calculation will not be applicable. There 

 may be changes in these ciphers for instance, at the 

 commencement of the day, when the horse is fresh, more 

 is put on the load, and with a beam they put several stakes 

 cr poles, &c., but on an average the quantities stated in 

 the tables may be accepted. 



' The number of horse working days for cartage must 

 be determined according to the distance of each forest 

 estate or clearing from the floating river, or the principal 

 market at which it is expected to make the most 

 remunerative sale. In carting to the river, if the timber 

 be prepared at the distance of 5 versts, it is estimated 

 that the cart will go twice ; with a distance of 1 verst it 

 will go 10 times; with a distance of 16 versts, once. If 

 the wood be carted for a long distance, one may calculate 

 on 50 versts per day by winter roads ; but in rainy, and 

 generally bad weather, 40 versts. By the price of the 

 horse working day is determined the price of each article 



