INSECT AND FUNGOID ENEMIES 179 



the soil, made by the trees being blown about by wind. 

 When collected, they should be dropped into a bottle of 

 paraffin or some other strong liquid. 



Other insects closely related to Hylobius abietis are 

 Pissodes pini and Pissodes notatus. Both species may be 

 found working with the former one. I have also found 

 the clay-coloured weevil, Otiorrynchus picipes, on the 

 same tree and in traps with H. abietis. 



Hylurgus Piniperda (the Pine Beetle). The beetle is 

 about I inch in length, dark bronzy-black in colour. The 

 female lays her eggs under the bark of sickly trees or 

 stems felled during the previous winter, and the larvae, 

 after hatching out, eat galleries at right angles to the 

 mother one at first, afterwards in all directions. Little 

 damage is done in this stage, as the galleries are almost 

 wholly in the bark. After pupating, the beetles emerge 

 from the bark of the breeding-place and fly to the leading 

 shoots of young Pine-trees, bore into the pith, and eat 

 their way up the centre of the shoot, which dies and falls 

 off. It often spoils whole woods in this way. 



The best method of preventing damage by this insect 

 and other similar ones is to keep the woods free from 

 dead wood. Pine-trees left lying for a time on a felled 

 area should be peeled and the bark burned if there are 

 any grubs or beetles in it. 



Other boring beetles doing damage to Pines are 



Hylurgus Minor, Hylastes Palliatus, Hylastes Ater, 

 which do damage to young trees as well as large 

 timber. 



Tomicus Bidentatus, a very small beetle that often doea 



