DIFFERENT METHODS OF EXPLOITATION. 103 



proprietor of forests in the Governments of Minsk, Vladi- 

 ner, and others ; Prince Yousoupoff, Count Tolstoie, Count 

 Strognoff, MM. Maltzoff, Demidorf, Schatiloff, Scheremetief, 

 Countess Ribeaupierre, Count Apraxin, Baron Korff, and 

 some others. Even in forests belonging to the communes 

 of peasants there begin to show themselves here and there 

 some rare attempts at reasonable management. Amongst 

 the forests belonging to towns those which belong to Riga 

 and to Pernau are well managed. But in by far the 

 majority of forests belonging to private proprietors they 

 fell according to Jardinage, and here and there to the system 

 of & tire et aire, and the system a blanc dtoc, without any 

 fixed plan of management, and solely according to the 

 demand, or according to the want of money. The prin- 

 ciples regulating the organisation of the management of 

 the State Forests are not rigorously defined, but the better 

 policy, proclaimed in 1841, has begun to prevail, that is 

 to say, an exploitation designed to obtain the greatest 

 material product, and that which will be most useful to 

 the general interest. Elaborate plans of management 

 determine the duration of the revolution of the fellings 

 and the site of these, the estimate of the produce in 

 volume and in value of the fellings of the first decade, the 

 means of replenishing the timber forests, and the repro- 

 duction of copse woods, of reforesting of cleared spaces, void 

 places, and vacant lands, and the local measures to be 

 taken for the amelioration of the trees composing the forest 

 most advantageous to its exploitation. 



' These works are entrusted to Commissions of forest 

 organisation, which, after having presented to the Forest 

 Administration the general plan of a forest, with specifica- 

 tion of the works of management for the first decade, pro- 

 ceed to the working out of analogous plans in another 

 forest ; and such a Commission towards the end of the first 

 decade return to control the execution of the works of 

 management of that first decade, and determine the special 

 site for the operations of the second decade. 



' The system of exploitation of the forests prevailing iu 



