16$ THE FOREST LANDS OF NORTHERN RUSSIA. 



that time it is re-wooded, most frequently by means of 

 sowing, and more rarely by help of planting ; besides, the 

 expenses occasioned by the re-foresting are generally 

 covered and even more than covered by the proceeds 

 obtained from the agricultural cultivation of the soil in 

 the interval. 



' The system of culture bj> pollarding, which consists in 

 cutting periodically the shoots from the stems of the willow 

 and other trees of underwood, is not met with but in excep- 

 tional cases, and more especially on spots exposed to 

 inundation, as for example, on the banks of rivers and of 

 ponds in the western and southern provinces. The system 

 of periodical pruning of lateral branches may also be met 

 with in the forests of the southern Governments, more 

 especially near villages, but it is only rarely applied, and 

 that in isolated places.' 



In a notice of Russian Forests in the Journal of Forestry, 

 vol. ii., April, 1879, p. 881, it is said : ' It is stated that 

 the newest financial project of Russia is in the form of a 

 concession for a term of years of all State forests to a 

 joint stock company, which will have the exclusive right of 

 cutting and selling timber from these sources in return 

 for a stipulated royalty, to be paid annually to the Govern- 

 ment. Among other conditions of the concession the com- 

 pany is to be held bound to replant wood lands that have 

 been already denuded by injudicious forestry or by theft, 

 and to conduct their own felling operations with due 

 regard to the interests of the future/ 



