12& THE FOREST LANDS ov NORTHERN RtfsslA. 



rapids there are great works constructed for the shooting 

 of the timber, and lower falls near the mouths of the rivers 

 are utilised as a moving power for saw-mills erected there, 

 where the rough timber is cut up chiefly into three and 

 four inch planks, in three, four, and five fathom lengths, 

 seven feet being the length of a fathom. It is there 

 laden on Ladoga vessels, fitted with sails, and is then con- 

 veyed by the lake or by canal to the Neva, and by that 

 river to St. Petersburg or Cronstadt. 



Wood and timber cutting, he added, is carried on 

 wherever there are means of water transport to the basin 

 of the Neva. The firewood thus obtained is conveyed to 

 the city in barges, which are made to be there broken up 

 and sold as coarse planking, and the timber is conveyed in 

 rafts. A good deal of Baltic timber is brought to St. 

 Petersburg from the lower ports, and some wood comes 

 from the Gulf of Finland, but the bulk of what is there 

 sold is brought down the Neva. 



The same gentleman wrote to me in another letter : 

 ' On the north shore of the Lake Ladoga I saw an enor- 

 mous saw-mill, with timber enough in its structure to have 

 gone a great way in many different works in Britain. A 

 big, jolly-looking Russian peasant, after showing it all, 

 said, his face radiant with exulting satisfaction, " I made it 

 all myself:' ' 



Mr Judrae says : ' In connection with this subject, the 

 following statement may show approximately what are the 

 proceeds of the sawing of timber. From four logs are 

 produced three dozen of boards of different measurements. 

 Four logs, according to the present charge, cost 1*80 rs. ; 

 the transport to the river and flotage, sawing, shipment, 

 and freight to Cronstadt of these cost 10 rs. ; so the total 

 cost is 11*80 rs., and the three dozen boards at Cronstadt 

 are worth 18 rs. But the calculation, it must be borne in 

 mind, is only an estimate approximately correct. 



M. Werekha, in the work already cited, says : 



' Most of the sawing is done by hand. The greater part 



