CHAPTER V. 



EXPORTS BY ARCHANGEL AND THE WHITE SEA. 



WHILE the timber cut in these regions, and in others adja- 

 cent to them, finds its way to St. Petersburg, and of this some 

 is exported thence, most is exported direct from the ports 

 in the White Sea. One of the most important export ports 

 is Archangel, situated on the Dwina, and the gulf known 

 as the Gulf of Archangel, but named by the Russians from 

 the river, the Dvines Kaia Gulf. Of this great outlet for 

 forest produce Hepworth Dixon supplies, in his account of 

 his approach to Russia, and entrance by that northern 

 haven, the following account: 



' At Cape Tutsi we pass from the narrow straits dividing 

 the Lapp country from the Samoyed country into this 

 northern gulf. About twice the size of Lake Superior in 

 the United States, this Frozen Sea has something of the 

 shape of Como; one narrow northern bay, extending to 

 the town of Kandalax, in Russian Lapland, with two 

 southern bays, divided from each other by a broad, sandy 

 peninsula, the home of a few villagers employed in snaring 

 cod and hunting seal. These southern bays are known, 

 from the rivers which fall into them, as Onega Bay and 

 Dvina Bay. At the mouths of these rivers stand the two 

 trading ports of Onega and Archangel. 



' The open part of this inland gulf is deep from 60 to 

 80 fathoms ; and in one place of the entrance into Kan- 

 dalax Bay the line goes down to no less than 160 fathoms. 

 Yet the shore is neither steep nor high. The Gulf of 

 Onega is rich in rocks and islets, many of them only banks 

 of sand and mud, washed out into the sea from the uplands 

 of Kargopol; but in the wild entrance of Onega Bay, 



