CONTENTS vii 



CHAPTER XXVIL ANIMAL DEFENCES SPECIAL 

 PRECAUTIONARY HABITS 



Page 



FEEDING AT FAVOURABLE TIMES: Nocturnal Animals Night-Monkeys, Lemurs, 

 Bats, Elephant, Hoofed Mammals, Gnawing Mammals, Edentates, Marsupials, 

 Monotremes ; Owl-Parrot, Kiwi ; Geckos ; Amphibians ; Fishes ; Cockroaches, 

 Crickets, Moths, Fire-Flies; Marine Invertebrates - - 318 



Diurnal Animals Herbivorous Mammals, Species exhibiting Warning Colours and 



Protective Resemblance - - - - - 323 



FEEDING IN SUITABLE PLACES : Species exhibiting Protective Resemblance, Wide 



Outlook, Proximity to Retreats - - 3 2 4 



Arboreal Animals Evolution of Climbing Forms - - - 325 



Parachute Animals and Flying Animals Their Evolution - 327 



CHAPTER XXVIIL ANIMAL DEFENCES-PASSIVE DEFENCE 



UNPALATABLENESS AND INDIGESTIBILITY Associated with Warning Coloration 332 



ARMOURED ANIMALS Armadilloes, Pangolins, Porcupines, Hedgehogs, Spiny 

 Ant-Eaters ; Feathers and Leg-Scales of Birds ; Armoured Reptiles ; Extinct 

 Armoured Amphibians, Ribs of Spanish Newt; Armoured Fishes; Shells of 

 Molluscs; Beetles, Weevils, Caddis- Worms ; Crabs, Rock- Lobster; Sea-Mouse, 

 Porcupine Worm, .Tube-dwelling Annelids; Skeletons of Moss-Polypes and 

 Lamp-Shells ; Plates and Spines of Sea-Urchins, Star-Fishes, &c. ; Armoured 

 Zoophytes Hydroids, Organ-Pipe Coral, Sea-Anemones; Sponge Spicules; 

 Armoured Animalcules Foraminifera, Radiolaria, &c. 333 



ROLLING-UP HABIT Armadilloes, Pangolins, Porcupines, Hedgehogs; Mail-Shells; 



Trilobites, Wood-Lice 341 



DEATH-FEIGNING HABIT Dingo, Opossums, South American Fox; Tinamous, 



Rails ; Lizards and Amphibians ; Spiders ; Beetles - - 342 



FECUNDITY OF ILL-DEFENDED ANIMALS Rabbit, Flesh-Fly; Bats as Check to 



increase of Oak Procession-Moth 345 



CHAPTER XXIX. ANIMAL DEFENCES-ACTIVE DEFENCE 



AGGRESSIVE WEAPONS IN DEFENCE - - - 348 



ACTIVELY DEFENSIVE WEAPONS : Mammals Teeth of Apes and Monkeys, Use 

 of Missiles by Baboons, Tusks of Walrus, Elephants, Rhinoceros, Wild Horses, 

 Teeth of Hippopotamus and Swine, Antlers and Horns of Ruminants, Claws 

 of Kangaroo, Stink-Glands of Skunk ; Birds and Reptiles Legs of Ostrich and 

 Emeu, Rooks, Poisonous Lizards ; Poison-Spines of Fishes ; Poisoned Bite of 

 Cone-Shells, Stinging-Organs of Sea-Slugs, Shells of Tridacna; Stings and 

 Defensive Glands of Insects; Stink-Glands of Millipedes; Slime-Glands of 

 Peripatus; Bristles of Bristle- Worms ; Skin-Defences of Planarian Worms; 

 Poison-Spines of Sea-Urchins ; Stinging Organs of Zoophytes ; Irritant Rodlets 

 of Higher Animalcules ... - 348 



CO-OPERATION AMONG SOCIAL ANIMALS Wild Horses, &c. - 362 



