vi CONTENTS 



ANIMAL DEFENCES 



CHAPTER XXV. ANIMAL DEFENCES INTRODUCTORY 

 BODILY CHARACTERISTICS PRODUCING INCONSPICU- 

 OUSNESS 



Page 



INTRODUCTORY Different Kinds of Defence against Predaceous Forms. I. PRE- 

 CAUTIONARY MEASURES: (i) BODILY CHARACTERISTICS resulting in (a) 

 Inconspicuousness, (b] Conspicuousness : (2) MODE OF LIFE (a) Feeding at 

 Favourable Times, and (b] Feeding in Favourable Places. II. RESISTANCE: 

 (A) PASSIVE DEFENCE by: (i) BODILY CHARACTERISTICS such as (a) Un- 

 palatableness and Indigestibility, (b] Armour: (2) SPECIAL HABITS, e.g. Death- 

 feigning: (3) FECUNDITY : (B} ACTIVE DEFENCE by means of (i) Ordinary 

 AGGRESSIVE WEAPONS, (2) Actively DEFENSIVE WEAPONS, (3) CO-OPERA- 

 TION: III. RETREAT - - 275 



INCONSPICUOUSNESS : General Protective Resemblance ; Transparency ; Marine 

 Surface Animals; Snow Animals Snowy Owl; Desert Animals Camels, 

 Antelopes, Desert Foxes, Jerboas, Desert Larks, Desert Finches, Sand-Grouse, 

 Sand-Lizard, Thorn-tailed Lizards, Desert Monitor, Common Skink, Adder, 

 Horned Viper, Desert Insects; Reversed Shading; Flat Fishes - - - 277 



Specialized General Resemblance Corals and Sea-Snails, Corals and Brittle-Stars, 



Sponges and Sea-Slugs ----------- 285 



Protective General Resemblance in Eggs and Young Plovers, Moths, Beetles - 285 

 Masking Land-Snails, Sea-Snails, Crabs, Sea-Urchins, Sea-Anemones - 287 



Variable General Resemblance: Colour-Change in Snow- Animals Variable Hare, 

 American Hare, Stoat, Weasel, Ptarmigan; Colour-Change in Chameleons; 

 Colour-Change in Amphibians Common Frog; Colour-Change in Fishes 

 Plaice, Trout, Lumpsucker; Colour-change in Molluscs Sea-Slugs; Colour- 

 Change in Crustaceans ^Esop Prawn; Colour- Change in Insects Peppered 

 Moth, Small Tortoise-shell Butterfly 289 



Constant Special Protective Resemblance Sloths, Pangolins; Coot, Moorhen, 

 Grebes, Young Plovers ; Australian Sea-Horses ; Sea-Slugs ; Stick-Caterpillars, 

 Leaf-Butterflies, Buff-tip Moth, Stick- and Leaf-Insects; Spiders - - - 294 



Variable Special Protective Resemblance Leaf-Butterflies, Caterpillars of Early 



Thorn Moth - - 3<*> 



CHAPTER XXVI. ANIMAL DEFENCES BODILY CHARAC- 

 TERISTICS PRODUCING CONSPICUOUSNESS 



CONSPICUOUSNESS: Genuine Warning and Spurious Warning (Mimicry) - - 301 



Genuine Warning Skunk; Coral Snakes, Cobras, Puff- Adders, Rattlesnakes; 

 Spotted Salamander, Nicaraguan Frog, Siamese Toad, Horned Toad; Weever- 

 Fish, Globe-Fishes; Ascidians, Acorn-headed Worms; Sea-Slugs; Wasps, 

 Hornets, Bees, Black-veined Brown, Magpie Moth, Conspicuous Caterpillars, 

 Lady-bird ; Spiders ; Bristle-Worms ; Planarian Worms ; Sea- Anemones, Corals, 

 Jelly-Fishes - 3* 



Spurious Warning (Mimicry) Cuckoos, Orioles; American Snakes; Mimicking 

 Butterflies, White Ermine Moth, Clear-wing Moths, Caterpillars of Lobster- 

 Moth, Puss-Moth, and Hawk-Moths, Drone-Fly, Mimicking Beetles, Mimicking 

 Grasshoppers and Crickets, Praying Mantis, Mimicking Plant-Bugs ; Mimick- 

 ing Spiders - 39 



