298 



ANIMAL DEFENCES 



a projection is placed on the angle; these appearances are 

 exactly reproduced in the larva. The hind part of the larva 

 is represented in fig. 482 (magnified 4*5 diameters), showing 

 the claspers and the fleshy projections which occupy the furrow 

 between the larva and the stem. The harmony of colour is 

 quite as perfect as the resemblance of shape. The smaller 

 branches of the hawthorn are partially covered by a thin super- 

 ficial layer of a bluish-grey colour (the cuticle), while the deeper 

 layers beneath are brown or green, or mixed brown and green; 

 these tints become visible over a large part of the surface, owing 

 to the breaking away of the thin layer. Hence the colour of 

 the branches is brown or green, mottled with grey, and not only 

 are these the exact tints of the larva, but the way in which the 

 colours are blended is precisely similar in the animal and the 

 plant. The marvellous fidelity with which the details are thus 

 reproduced probably implies that the relation between the larva 

 and this species of food-plant is extremely ancient. . . . This 

 caterpillar can also adjust its colour to that of its individual 

 surroundings, so that it would become greenish if it passed its 

 life among young green shoots, and brown if it lived upon the 

 older twigs. It is altogether one of the most perfectly-concealed 

 forms in existence." 



No less remarkable cases of protective resemblance are found 

 among adult insects, one of the most perfect (fig. 483) being that 



Fig. 483. Indian Leaf Butterfly (Kallima inachis] with wings extended, and on twig in protective attitude 



presented by certain Oriental and African Leaf- Butterflies (species 

 of Kallima) described by Wallace. When on the wing these 

 insects are conspicuous objects, owing to the bright orange and 



