THEIR PATHOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, AND TREATMENT. 81 



where this is used the horse should have a physic ball (pp. 37 and 73) 

 and have mashes and a portion of green food or roots, and three days after 

 the physic loz. of nitre. 



Withers (Fistulous).— See Fistulous Withers. 



Worms. — There are several kinds of these parasites that infest the horse, 

 and their presence is not easy to determine, unless actually seen, and the 

 symptoms and consequences of other diseases are not unfrcquently attri- 

 buted to worms. Bots, which although generally spoken of as worms, 

 are totally different from those under present consideration, so I have 

 treated them separately under that head. The varieties of worms which 

 horses are subject to are the tape worm, a long, flat, jointed worm, occur- 

 ring very rarely, and that generally in young, half starved animals. It is 

 difficult to eradicate, as each joint is capable of reproduction, so that 

 when it is known to exist, repeated doses of vermifuges, as worm-expelling 

 medicines are called, must be given, and the excrements should be watched 

 and burned or deeply buried. Turpentine is one of the best medicines for 

 the destruction of this parasite. The dose of it is for a foal from 3 to 

 6 months old, £oz. to loz. ; from 1 to 2 years, 2oz. ; over that age, from 

 3oz. to 4oz. It should be given in the form of an emulsion, that is beat 

 up with white of eggs or mucilage of acacia, and mixed with ale, stout, 

 or oil, or it may be given mixed with raw linseed oil alone, from a pins to 

 a quart. If the spirit of turpentine alone proves ineffectual in their re- 

 moval, slightly lessen the dose, and incorporate with it from £drm. to 

 l^drm.of ethereal extract of male fern, commonly called oil of male fern. 



The long round Worm, called the lumbricus, or Ascaris lumbricoid.es. 

 measures from 6in. to 12in. in length, some specimens even more than 

 that ; they are round, and pointed at each end ; they often exist in 

 large numbers, and keep the animals they infest lean and ragged look- 

 ing by absorbing the food intended for the support of the horse. For 

 these turpentine may also be given in linseed oil or according to the 

 following formula : — 



Worm Mixture : Spirit of turpentine two ounces ; essential oil of worm- 

 wood, twenty drops ; linseed oil, half a pint ; infusion of quassia, half a 

 pint, to which has been added one drachm of salts of tartar, after which 

 mix with the oil and turpentine, shake well together, and give for a dose ; 

 or the following may be given : 



Worm Ball : Tartar emetic, 1| drachms ; powdered ginger, 1 drachm ; 

 Barbadoes aloes, 4 drachms ; soap, 1 drachm, made into one ball, one to 

 be given every alternate morning before feeding the horse till four have 

 been given. Some practitioners give the tartar emetic alone in the morning, 

 fasting. From one to two drachms each morning in this way for six days, 

 followed by a strong physic ball on the seventh day. Calomel is also 

 administered as a vermifuge, given overnight in doses of one to two 

 drachms, and followed in the morning by a physic ball. 



Needle or Thread Worms are the smallest of these intestinal para- 

 sites ; they occupy the large intestines, the colon, and rectum, and create 



