DISEASES FROM FAULTY CONFORMATION 179 



ful a method of dealing with sand-crack as has yet been 

 devised. It may be done in a variety of ways : (1) By two 

 grooves arranged about the crack in the form of a V, as 

 Fig. 94; (2) by a perpendicular groove on either side of the 

 crack, about 1 inch in distance from it, and parallel with the 

 horn fibres, as Fig. 95 ; (3) by a single horizontal groove 

 at the extreme upper limit of the crack; (4) by drawing 

 two horizontal grooves, one at its upper and one at its 

 lower end (see Fig. 96). 



Fig, 94. 



Fig. 95. Fig. 96. 



In Figs. 94, 95, and 96 the thick black lines illustrate the posi- 

 tions of the various grooves made with the firing-iron for 

 the purpose of immobilizing a quarter sand-crack. 



The points to be observed in carrying out this line of 

 treatment are simple enough. In all cases see that the 

 crack is rendered as clean as possible by the use of suitable 

 dressings, and if an excess of horn is present immediately 

 around it, as in the case of a long-standing and complicated 

 lesion, have it thinned down by rasping. 



All that is then needed is one or two moderately sharp, 

 flat firing-irons. The groove is then burned into the horn 

 in the positions indicated, and that portion of the wall con- 



