HISTORY OF THE INDUSTRY 85 



tor of the present day (Fig. 18) , which is deservedly popular with 

 beginners and for family use. The original machine, as sold by 

 Shepley & Edwards, was made in two sizes, the smaller capable 

 of drying three bushels of apples in eight to ten hours, and the 

 larger with a capacity of five bushels! This small beginning 

 seems incredible when one compares it with the great establish- 

 ments of this time, in which scores of hands are employed and 

 thousands of bushels are consumed annually. 



"The beginning of the modern industry, however, and the 

 introduction of the word < evaporated' to designate the product, 

 date from 1870, when Charles Alden, of Newburgh, New York, 

 patented his tower evaporator. The decade from 1870 to 1880 was 

 prolific in the invention of capacious evaporators and accessories, 

 some of which determined the course of the evaporating industry. 

 The Williams evaporator, invented by John Williams, South 

 Haven, Michigan, was patented in 1873. This was soon followed 

 by the Culver machine, which was patented after the death of its 

 inventor (Stephen Culver, Newark, N. Y.,) in 1882, by his ad- 

 ministrator, Harlan P. Van Dusen, also of Newark. (Filed Sept. 

 26, 1880; patented Oct. 3, 1882. See U. S. Gazette of Patents, 

 xxii. 1171.) As early as 1876, Mason L. Rogers r built and 

 equipped a Culver evaporator,' as his son writes me. John W. 

 Cassidy patented his device for lifting trays in 1876. Cassidy was 

 a resident of Newark, New York, but moved to Petaluma, Cali- 

 fornia, where he resided when he took out his patents. His 

 device, combined with Culver's, is the leading lifting arrangement 

 now in use in western New York. Cassidy took out another patent 

 in 1880 for a device to dry fruit by exposing it alternately to a 

 vacuum or partial vacuum, and an inrush of dehydrated air, but 

 this system is probably unknown in this state. It now needed 

 only the advent of a bleaching device and improved machines for 

 paring and ringing the fruit, to establish the evaporating business 

 upon an enduring basis ; but as these devices are not used in the 

 making of evaporated raspberries, they need not be further dis- 

 cussed in this paper. 



"1. The Kiln Drier. The evaporators which are used in west- 

 ern New York may be arranged in five categories, the kilns, hori- 



