28 I. VEGETABLES.— CoNiPERJE. 



pectoral, are eaten raw or preserved, used in emulsions, yield oil 

 by expression. 



Aphernousli pine, Pinus cemhra. Yields Brian^on turpen- 

 tine : nuts, cemhro nuts, eatable, yield oil : shoots yield true Riga 

 balsam by distillation. 



*CoMMON FIR, Silver fir tree, Pitch tree, Abies Pinus picea. 

 Yields Strasburgh turpentine, by puncturing the small vesicles 

 of the bark in which it is contained, and fir rosin, by larger 

 incisions. 



Norway spruce fir. Yew-leaved fir, Abies rubra, Pinus abies. 

 Exudes common frankincense, and yields Burgundy pitch by 

 incision ; tops used to make spruce beer. 



Balm of Gilead fir, Pinus balsamea. Yields Canada 

 balsam. 



*Spruce fir, Pinus Canadensis. Young shoots, turiones pini, 

 in beer, antiscorbutic, cooling, antiseptic, and tonic. 



*Larch, Larix, Pinus larix. Exudes larch gum and Briancon 

 manna ; yields, by boring, larch turpentine. 



Cedar of Lebanon, Pinus cedrus. Wood astringent, an- 

 tiseptic. 



Mountain pine, Mugho pine, Pinus pumilio. Exudes Hun- 

 garian balsam. 



*ScoTCH FIR, Piiius sylvestris. Exudes white rosin ; yields, 

 by incision, common turpentine ; inner bark eaten raw, or made 

 into cakes and baked ; tar is distilled from it, and lamp-black 

 obtained by burning its refuse branches in tents. 



Swamp pine, Pitch pine, Pinus paltistris* Yields American 

 turpentine. 



Pinus maritima. Yields French or Bordeaux turpentine. 



Pinus dammara, Agathis loranthifolia. Yields Ava dammar. 



SuLA pine, Saul tree, Shorea robusta. Yields Nepaul dammar. 



Arbor vit.e. Thuja occidentalis. Leaves alexiterial. — T, 

 quadrivalvis ; — T. Articulata. Yield gum sandarach. 



Cypress, Cupressus, C, sempervirens. Wood and berries 

 astringent, vermifuge; nuts, strobiles, nuces cupressus, astrin- 

 gent. 



Virginia cypress, Cupressus disticha. Leaves dye cinnamon 

 colour. 



* Juniper, Juniperus, J, communis. Tops, juniperi cacumina^ 

 diuretic, sudorific, antisyphiHtic, may be substituted forguaiacum ; 

 berries, juniperi baccce, incisive, discussive, very stomachic; 

 infusion drank as tea ; if the seeds are broken, they communicate 



