HELIX. 329 



-67, fig. 6 H. serpentina). Genital system (pi. 61, fig. 8 H. gualtier- 

 ana; pi. 61, figs. 6, 7, H. muralis; pi. 63, fig. 1, 2, 3, H. serpentina). 

 Penis rather short, the retractor and epiphallus inserted at its apex, 

 epiphallus ending in a moderately long flagellum. Spermatheca 

 globular, on a long duct which bears a diverticulum. Dart sack as 

 in Otala. Mucus glands two, simple, or each dividing into two or 

 three branches. Dart four-bladed, with expanded, feebly cren- 

 ulated base (pi. 63, figs. 1, 2, H. serpentina). 



The anatomy of Iberus is like that of Otala except in the fewer 

 fingers of the mucus glands. In this respect, both Tachea, Helico- 

 qena and Otala exhibit great variation ; and the same is true of 

 Iberus. It is perfectly clear that no characters whatever, for the 

 separation of these groups, can be obtained from the soft anatomy. 

 They rest wholly upon conchological characters. The dart is not 

 of the typically four-bladed type in some species, although it is in 

 H. gualtierana. In serpentina it seems more like a modified two- 

 bladed form. 



The group Iberus was originallyp roposed for H. gualtierana only, 

 so that Westerlund's name Eaiberus seems to me wholly superfluous. 

 The next published name for the group was Macularia of Albers, 

 proposed for the species with rounded periphery and shotted bands. 

 Albers selected no type from his list, but in 1854 Lowe named H. 

 niciensis as the type. The name Macularia was used for the species 

 of Albers original list by Morch (Catal. Yoldi, 1852), by H. & 

 A. Adams (Gen. Kec. Moll. 1855) and others, so that both by the 

 formal selection of a type from the original list of species, and by 

 usage in well-known publications, the name became fixed. It was, 

 therefore, directly contrary to the fundamental principles of nomen- 

 clature for Albers-Martens in the second edition of Die Heliceen 

 (1860) to shift the name to the group of H. vermiculata ; and 

 although this unlawful usage has been followed by all later authors 

 to this day, it is too obviously unjustified to stand longer uncor- 

 rected. As to the synonymy of the other sectional names, it would 

 seem that in the absence of characters thei* discussion is not worth 

 the ink it would cost. 



Bourguignat believes that the north African group of globose 

 Iberus, such as If. sicanoides, is a modification of the H. raymondi 

 stock (Bull. Soc. Mai. Fr. i, p. 7). 



I. Iberus s. str. Keeled and depressed, coarsely latticed. 

 Mucous glands several-branched. 



