336 HELIX. 



Distribution, Mediterranean region, Canary Is., Madeira, etc.; JET_ 

 pisana extending to southern England and throughout the whole 

 range of the genus. H. macandreiviana is confined to the tiny 

 Atlantic Islands known as the Salvages; H. impugnata and the 

 beautiful varieties geminata, grasseti, hierophanta of H. pisana, are 

 Canarian. 



The cretaceous, many-banded shell, with non expanded, inwardly 

 thickened lip, is more like that of Helicella than the Pentatseniates ; 

 and the lack of a flagellum is also a strong differential feature, 

 allying Euparypha to Eremina. 



The single dart sack with its four-sided dart is a structure char- 

 acteristic of the five-banded group; and the right eye retractor 

 passes between the branches of the genitalia, as in normal Helices ; 

 these features at once removing Euparypha trom the Xerophiloid 

 stock. The simplicity of the two mucus glands is a character in 

 common with Helicigona and Iberns ; and evidently represents an, 

 earlier stage of development than the digitate type, which has been 

 retained in these groups. I suppose the lack of flagellum to be a 

 degenerative change. Euparypha is, therefore, a curious mixture, 

 the mucous glands being of antique character, the male organs 

 degenerate, and the dart modernized. Teeth and jaw offer nothing 

 characteristic. 



H. pisana, the typical species, is an abundant snail from northern 

 Africa to southern England and the Atlantic islands. It has been 

 split by "new school" authors into a multitude of alleged species, 

 some of which may prove worth retention as local varieties. The 

 principal names are as follows : thusuroi, subpisana Bgt., brysce, 

 radesiana (Mares) Bgt., chambardi, salemensis, gergisensis, carpiensis, 

 hamadanica, djerbanica, zitanensis Let. & Bgt., maculata Mke., 

 anonyma W., donatii, levesquei (Berth.) Bgt., pisanella, pisanopsis, 

 dermoi Serv. Other synonyms are zonaria Penn., petholata Oliv. 

 rhodostoma Dr., eigenda Mont., slrigata Dillw., leucostoma Risso, and 

 doubtful varieties are perruginea, Mke., pundella M.-T., subzonata 

 Bgt., sigarellina Charp., alboranensis (Webb. & Berth.) Mab. (not 

 Pfr. et Auct.), catocyphia Bgt., iii, 256, hyperplatceaServ., etc.; etc. 



H. macandrewianaPfr., iii, 224. v. pisanopsis Serv., iii, 225. 



ustulata Lwe. v. aegusse Kob., iii, 225. 



H. pisana Miill., iii, 224. v. sardoa Ziegl., iii, 224. 



/ decorata Pfr., iii, 225. v. graphica Morel. 



