12 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



of the prepared sets of apparatus or a milking tube and fnnnel con- 

 nected by a piece of small rubber hose. The apparatus should be 

 boiled and wrapped in a clean towel until needed. The udder and 

 teats and the hands of the operator must be well disinfected, and 

 the solution must be freshly made with recently boiled Avater kept 

 in a sterile bottle. The udder should be emptied of milk before the 

 injection is made. After all these precautions have been observed 

 the milking tube may be inserted and through it one-half pint of solu- 

 tion introduced by gravity air pressure or by syringe. There is prac- 

 tically no danger in this mode of treatment if it is properly carried 

 out. 



Injections into the udder are sometimes made in the treatment of 

 garget, but so far with indifferent success. 



By the kostrils. — An animal may be caused to inhale medicine 

 in the form of gas or vapor or to snuff up a fine powder. Sometimes, 

 for the purpose of local treatment, fluids are injected into tlie nose. 



A medicine inhaled may have a local effect alone or a general effect. 



Medicated steam, carrying the volatile products of creolin, carbolic 

 acid, balsam of Peru, compound tincture of benzoin, tincture of 

 iodin, etc., may be liberated beneath the nostrils of a cow so that 

 she must inhale these soothing vapors; but such treatment is not so 

 common for cattle as for horses. In producing general anesthesia, 

 or insensibility to pain, the vapor of chloroform or ether is adminis- 

 tered by the nostrils. As a preliminary to this it is necessary to cast 

 and confine the animal. Great care is necessary to avoid complete 

 stoppage of the heart or breathing. 



By the trachea. — Medicines are injected into the trachea, or wind- 

 pipe, in the treatment of some forms of diseases of the lungs, and 

 especially in that form of bronchitis or pneumonia that is caused by 

 hmgworms. For this injection a large hypodermic syringe is used 

 that is fitted with a very thick, strong needle. The needle is to be 

 inserted about the middle of the neck and between the cartilaginous 

 rings of the trachea. 



By the skin. — Although a number of drugs, notably mercury, are 

 so readily absorbed by the skin of cattle as to render poisoning easy, 

 medicines are not given in this way for their general or constitutional 

 but only for their local effect. 



Diseases of the skin and superficial parasites are treated or de- 

 stroyed by applications in the forms of washes, ointments, dips, and 

 powders. Liniments and lotions are applied to the skin for the relief 

 of some near-lying part, such as a muscle, tendon, or joint. Blisters 

 are applied to the skin for the purpose of obtaining the effect of 

 counterirritation upon a neighboring region or organ. Cold water 

 may be applied to the skin to reduce the temperature and to diminish 

 congestion or inflammation in a superficial area or to reduce the 



