DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS. 



DESCRIPTION OF PLATES. 



Plate I : 



Position of the first stomach (paunch, rumen) on the left side: a, the 

 situation of the rumen ; &, the spleen or milt resting on it ; c, the skin 

 and muscles removed from the ribs to show position of the lungs and 

 their relation to the paunch. 

 Plate II : 



Fig. 1. Stomach of a full-grown sheep, i natural size. After ThauhofEer, 

 from R. Meade Smith's Physiology of Domestic Animals: a, rumen, 

 or first stomach ; b, reticulum, or second stomach ; c, omasum, or third 

 stomach; d, abomasum, or fourth stomach; c, esophagus, or gullet, 

 opening into first and second stomachs; /, opening of fourth stomach 

 into small intestine; g, opening of second stomach into third; h, open- 

 ing of third stomach into fourth. 

 The lines indicate the course of the food in the stomachs. The incom- 

 pletely masticated food passes down the esophagus, or gullet, into the 

 first and second stomachs, in which a churning motion is kept up, 

 carrying the food from side to side and from stomach to stomach. 

 From the first stomach regurgitation takes place; that is, the food is 

 returned through the gullet to the mouth to be more thoroughly mas- 

 ticated, or chewed, and this constitutes what is known as " chewing 

 the cud." From the second stomach the food passes into the third, and 

 from the third into the fourth, or true, stomach, and from there into 

 the intestines. 

 Fig. 2. Stomach of ox. After Colin, from R. Meade Smith's Physiology of 

 Domestic Animals : a, rumen ; &. reticulum ; c, omasum ; d, abomasum ; 

 e, esophagus; /, opening of fourth stomach into small intestine. 

 Fiirstenberg calculated that in an ox of 1,400 pounds weight the capacity of 

 the stomach is as follows : 



Per cent. 



Rumen, 149.25 quarts, liquid measure 62.4 



Reticulum, 23.77 quarts 10 



Omasum, 36.98 quarts 15 



Abomasum, 29.05 quarts 12.6 



According to Colon — Quarts. 



The capacity of a beefs stomach is 266.81 



Small intestine 69.74 



Cecums 9. 51 



Colon and rectum 25.58 



Plate HI: 



Fig. 1. Clinical thermometer, i natural size. This is used to determine the 

 temperature of the animal body. The thermometer is passed into the 

 rectum after having been moistened with a little saliva from the mouth, 



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