96 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



Draw the skin forward so that the external wound may not corre- 

 spond with the puncture of the chest, to prevent the entrance of air. 

 Only a portion of the fluid should be removed. The animal gets 

 immediate relief, but it is generally only temporary, as there is a 

 tendency for the fluid to accumulate again. 



PNEUMONIA. 



This is an inflammation of the lung substance. It is divided 

 into three different forms, viz: First, croupous pneumonia; second, 

 catarrhal pneumonia; and third; intei-stitial pneumonia. But these 

 various forms can only be differentiated by the expert, and I there- 

 fore deem it necessary for the purposes of the present work to treat 

 the subject under the general head of pneumonia. 



The causes of pneumonia in general are the same as those of the 

 various other inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. The 

 germ is called the pneumococcus. It mostly follows congestion of 

 the lungs, but may in rare cases have a parasitic origin. 



Symptom's. — In the first stage, that of congestion, the disease is 

 usually ushered in by a chill, although this may not always be 

 observed by the attendant. This is followed by an elevation of tem- 

 perature, usually 105° to 106° F., or it may be even higher. The 

 respirations are quick and shallow ; the nostrils are dilated ; the pulse 

 is full and hard. Cough may or may not appear in this stage. The 

 nose is hot and dry; the tongue sometimCvS protrudes and is slimy; 

 the coat is staring, and the skin dry and harsh. The urine is usually 

 diminished in quantity, high colored, and the bowels constipated. 

 The animal stands with the forelegs wide apart to facilitate respira- 

 tion. On auscultation crepitation will be observed over the portion 

 of the limg affected. The sounds elicited on percussion are practi- 

 cally normal in this stage. 



In the second stage the temperature generally drops one or two 

 degrees, and respiration is performed with much difficulty. The 

 cough is frequent and painful. The animal still stands with the fore- 

 legs wide apart and the elbows turned outward. If it assumes the 

 recumbent position it rests on the sternum. All secretions are more 

 or less suspended, particularly the milk in cows. The animal has a 

 haggard appearance, and the pulse becomes small and wiry at this 

 period. The extremities are hot and cold alternately ; the crepitation 

 which was present in the first stage is now absent, and no sound on 

 auscultation will be heard, except it be a slight wheezing or whistling 

 noise. On percussion dullness over the diseased lung is manifested, 

 indicating consolidation. The Imig has now assumed a characteristic 

 liver-like appearance. 



