DISEASES OF THE URINAHY ORGANS. 127 



the patient must be kept in a nan'ow stall in which it can not turn 

 even its head. The patient must be kept in a warm, dry building, 

 so that the skin shall be kept active rather than the kidneys. Warm 

 blanketing is equally important, or even mustard poultices over the 

 loins will be useful. Blisters of Spanish flies, turpentine, or other 

 agent which may be absorbed and irritate the kidneys must be 

 avoided. The active fever may be checked by 15 drops tincture of 

 aconite every four hours or by one-third oimce acetanilid. If pain 

 is very acute, 1 ounce laudanum or 2 drams solid extract of belladonna 

 will serve to relieve. '\^Tien the severity of the disease has passed, a 

 course of tonics (quinia, 2 drams, or gentian powder, 4 drams, daily) 

 may be given. Diuretics, too, may be cautiously given at this ad- 

 vanced stage to relieve dropsy and give tone to the kidneys and gen- 

 eral system (oil of turpentine, 2 teaspoonf uls ; bicarbonate of soda, 

 1 teaspoonful, repeated twice a day). Pure water is essential, and it 

 should not be given chilled ; warm drinks are preferable. 



In the chronic fonns of kidney inflammation the same protection 

 against cold and similar general treatment are demanded. Tonics, 

 however, are important to improve the general health (phosphate of 

 iron, 2 drams; powdered nux vomica, 20 grains; powdered gentian 

 root, 4 drams, daily). In some instances the mineral acids (nitric 

 acid, 60 drops, or nitro-muriatic acid, 60 drops, daily) may be em- 

 ployed with the bitters. Mustard applied to the loins in the form of 

 a thin pulp made with water and covered for an hour with paper or 

 other impervious envelope, or water hotter than the hand can bear, or 

 cupping may be resorted to as a counterirritant. In cupping shave 

 the loins, smear them with lard, then take a narrow-mouthed glass, 

 expand the air within by smearing its interior with a few drops of 

 alcohol, setting it on fire and instantly pressing the mouth of the 

 vessel to the oiled portion of the skin. As the air within the vessel 

 cools it contracts, tending to fonii a partial vacuum, and the skin, 

 charged with blood, is strongly drawn up within it. Several of these 

 being applied at once, a strong derivation from the affected kidneys 

 is secured. In no case of inflamed or in-itable kidney should Spanish 

 flies or oil of turpentine be used upon the skin. 



PARASITES OF THE KmNEY. 



As the kidney is the usual channel by which the bacteria leave the 

 system, this organ is liable to be implicated when microphytes exist 

 in the blood, and congestions and blood extravasations are produced. 

 In anthrax, Southern cattle fever (Texas fever), and other such 

 affections bloody urine is the consequence. Of the larger parasites 

 attacking the kidney may be specially named the cystic form of the 

 echinococcus tapeworm of the dog, the cystic form of the unarmed or 

 beef tapeworm of man, the diving bladderworm — the cystic fonn of 



