128 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



the inarginate tapeworm of the clog, and the giant stiongyle — the 

 largest of the roundworms. These give rise to general symptoms of 

 kidney disease, but the true source of the trouble is only likely to be 

 detected if the heads or booklets of the tapeworm or the eggs of the 

 roundworm are found on microscopical examination of the urine. 



TUMORS OF THE KmNEY (HYPERTROPHY OR ATROPHy). 



The kidney may be the seat of cancerous or simple tumors, and it 

 may be unnaturally enlarged or reduced in size, but though there may 

 be signs of urinary disorder the true nature of the disease is seldom 

 manifest until after death. The passing of blood and of large multi- 

 nucleated cells in the urine (to be detected under the microscope) 

 may betray the existence of an ulcerated cancer of the kidney. The 

 presence of cancerous enlargement of (superficial) lymphatic glands 

 may further assist and confirm the decision. 



RETENTION OF URINE. 



Inability to pass urine may come from any one of three conditions — 

 first, spasm of the neck of the bladder ; second, paralysis of the body 

 of the bladder ; third, obstruction of the channel of outlet by a stone 

 (calculus) (see PI. XI) or other obstacle. 



In spa»m of the neck of the hladder the male animal may stand with 

 the tail slightly raised and making rhythmical contractions of the 

 muscle beneath the anus {accelerator iiHiup) (see PI. IX, fig. 2), but 

 without passing a drop of liquid. In the female the hind legs are 

 extended and widely parted, and the back is arched as if to urinate, 

 but the effort is vain. If the oiled hand is introduced into the rectum 

 or vagina in the early stages of the affection, the bladder may be felt 

 beneath partially filled, but not overdistended Avith liquid, and its 

 neck or mouth firm and rigid. In the more advanced stages of the 

 affection the organ is felt as a great, tense, elastic bag, extending 

 forward into the abdomen. In this condition the overdistended mus- 

 cular coat of the bladder has lost its jwwer of contraction, so that 

 true paralysis has set in, the muscle closing the mouth of the sack 

 alone retaining its contractile power. 



In paralysis of the hody of the hladder attention is rarely drawn to 

 the urinary disorder until the bladder has been distended to full 

 repletion and is almost ready to give way by rupture and to allow the 

 escape of the contained liquid into the abdomen. Overdistention is 

 the most common cause of the paralysis, yet it may occur from inflam- 

 mation of the muscular wall of the bladder, or even from injury to 

 the terminal part of the spinal marrow. In this last condition, how- 

 ever, the tail is likely to be powerless, and the neck of the bladder 

 may also be paralyzed, so that the urine dribbles away continuously. 



