DISEASES OF THE URINARY ORGANS. 139 



sides. The large calculi occupying the pelvis of the kidneys usually 

 sliows a central part having the outline of the main cavity of the 

 pelvis and two or more projections that have been molded into the 

 corresponding branches or channels which lead to corresponding lobes 

 of the kidney. In winter and spring small concretions in the form 

 of plates are often met with in the branches of the pelvis, having 

 been formed and molded in the confined space between the projecting 

 papilla and the surrounding cuplike branch of the pelvis. Finally, 

 the pulplike deposits in the sheath and elsewhere are made up of 

 globular masses, individually so small as to be often practically 

 microscopic. 



STONE IN THE KmNEY (rENAL, CALCULI). 

 fPl. XI, fig. 1.] 



In an animal leading the quiet, uneventful life of the ox, stones of 

 large size may be present in the kidney without producing any dis- 

 order appreciable to the people about him. In cattle fattened on dry 

 food in winter, on our magnesian limestone of New York, it is excep- 

 tional to find the substance of the kidney free from calculi about the 

 size of a grain of wheat or less, and standing out as white objects in 

 the general red of the cut surface of the organ. Simihirly around the 

 papilla' in the cuplike arms of the pelvis we find minute flattened or 

 more or less rounded yellowish white concretions. Even the large 

 concretions may prove apparently harmless. I have a calculus sev- 

 eral ounces in weight which filled the entire pelvis of the kidney, 

 which was found by accident in a fat carcass while being dressed. In 

 work oxen, however, such concretions may give rise to symptoms of 

 kidney disease, such as stiffness of the loins, shown especially in the 

 acts of rising or turning, weakness of the hind parts when set to pull 

 a heavy load, an irritability of the kidneys, shown by the frequent 

 passage of urine in small quantity, tenderness of the loins, shown 

 Avhen they are pinched or lightly struck, and it may be the passage of 

 blood or minute gritty masses with the urine. If the attack is severe, 

 what is called " renal colic " (kidney colic) may be shown by frequent 

 uneasy shifting of the hind limbs, shaking or twisting of the tail, 

 looking round at the flanks, and lying down and rising again at short 

 intervals without apparent cause. The frequent passage of urine, the 

 blood or gritty masses contained in it, and perhaps the hard, stony 

 cylinders around the tufts of hair of the sheath, show that the source 

 of the suffering is the urinary organs. In bad cases active inflamma- 

 tion of the kidneys may set in. (See " Nephritis," p. 123.) 



URETERAL CALCULI. 



These are small stones which have passed from the pelvis of the 

 kidney into the canal (ureter) leading from the kidney to ths bladder, 

 but, being too large to pass on easily, have blocked that canal and 



