196 DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



the neck, and is pushed on until it can be felt at its lower border. 

 The hand now seizes the knotted end of the cord beneath the lower 

 border of the neck and pulls it through while the carrier is with- 

 drawn, the cord sliding through its rings. The cord, pushed up as 

 near to the head as possible, is furnished with a running noose by 

 tying the knotted end round the other, or, better, the two ends are 

 twisted around each other so as to give a firm hold on the neck with- 

 out dangerously compressing the blood A^essels. By pushing on the 

 opposite shoulder with the repeller, and assisting with the hand on 

 shoulder, breastbone^ or lower border of the neck, such a change of 

 position will be secured as will speedily bring the head within reach. 

 Afterwards proceed as described above. 



These cases are always trving, but it is very rarely necessary to 

 resort to embryotomy. When absolutely required, first remove one 

 fore limb, and then, if still unsuccessful, the other, after which the 

 head can easily be secured. (See " Embryotomy," p. 204.) 



HEAD TURNED UPWARD AND BACKWARD. 



In this case the face rests upon the spine; the forefeet appear alone 

 in the passage, but fail to advance, and on examination the rounded 

 inferior border of the neck can be felt, extending upward and back- 

 ward beneath the spine of the dam, and if the calf is not too large 

 the hand may reach the lower jaw or even the muzzle. (PI. XVI, 

 fig. 5.) A repeller is planted in the breast and the body of the calf 

 pushed backward and downward so as to make room and bring the 

 head nearer to the passage; or in some cases the body may be pushed 

 back sufficiently by the use of the forelimbs alone. Meanwhile the 

 head is seized by the ear or the eye socket, or, if it can be reached, 

 by the lower jaw, and pulled downward into position as space is 

 secured for it. If the hand alone is insufficient, the blunt hooks may 

 be inserted in the orbits or in the angle of the mouth, or a noose may 

 be placed on the lower jaw, and by traction the head will be easily 

 advanced. In case of a large fetus, the head of which is beyond 

 reach, even when traction is made on the limbs, a rope may be passed 

 around the neck and pulled, while the breastbone is pressed down- 

 ward and backward by the repeller, and soon the change of position 

 will bring the orbit or lower jaw within reach. With the above posi- 

 tion the standing position is most favorable for success. But if the 

 calf is placed with its back down toward the udder, and if the head 

 is bent down under the brim of the pelvis, the best position for the 

 cow is on her back, with her head downhill. 



In neglected cases, with death and putrefaction of the fetus and 

 dryness of the passages, it may be necessary to extract in pieces. (See 

 " Embryotomy," p. 204.) 



