DISEASES OF YOUNG CALVES. 257 



tiire of iodin, 1 dram; distilled (or boiled) water, 2 ounces. Inter- 

 jially the calf may take 5 sn-ains qiiinia twice daily and 15 gi'ains 

 hyposulphite of soda, or 20 grains salicylate of soda three times a 

 day. 



UMBILICAL HERNIA (BREACH AT THE NAVEl). 



This may exist at birth from imperfect closure of the muscles 

 around the opening; it may even extend backward for a distance, 

 from the two sides failing to come together. Apart from this, the 

 trouble rarely appears after the calf has been some time on solid food, 

 as the paunch then extends down to the right immediately over the 

 navel, and thus forms an internal pad, preventing the protrusion of 

 intestine. 



Symptoms. — The symptoms of umbilical hernia are a soft swelling 

 at the navel, with contents that usually gurgle on handling, and can 

 be entirely returned into the alxlomen by pressure. The diseases of 

 the navel hitherto considered have not gurgling contents, and can not 

 be completely returned into the abdomen. The only exception in the 

 case of the hernia is when the walls of the sac have Ix^come gi'eatly 

 thickened; these will, of couree, remain as a swelling after the bowel 

 has been returned ; and when the protruding lK)wel has contracted 

 permanent adhesions to the sac it is impossible to return it fully with- 

 out first severing that connection. 



Tr'eatment. — Treatment is not always necessary. A small hernia, 

 like an egg^ in a new-bom calf will usually recover of itself as the 

 animal changes its diet to solid food and has the paunch fully devel- 

 oped as an internal pad. 



In other cases apply a leather pad of 8 inches square attached 

 around the body by two elastic bands connected with its four comers, 

 and an elastic band passing from its front border to a collar encircling 

 the neck, and two other elastic bands from the neck collar along the 

 two sides of the body to the two bands passing up over the back. 

 (PI. XXIV, fig. 6.) 



For small hernias nitric acid may be used to destroy the skin and 

 cause such swelling as to close the orifice before the skin is separated. 

 For a mass like a large goose ^gg one-half ounce of the acid may be 

 nibbed in for three minutes. No more must be applied for 15 days. 

 For large masses this is inapplicable, and with too much loss of skin 

 the orifice may fail to close and the bowels may escape. 



The application of a clamp like those used in castration is a most 

 effective method, but great care must be taken to see that all the con- 

 tents of the sac are returned so that none may be inclosed in the 

 clamp. (PI. XXIV, fig. 7.) 



Another most effective resort is to make a saturated solution of com- 

 mon salt, filter and boil it, and when cool inject under the skin (not 

 16923°— 12 17 



