532 



DISEASES OF CATTLE. 



Change the herd to fresh pasture as often as possible. Cattle should 

 be supplied with water from wells, springs, or flowing streams, pref- 

 erably in tanks or troughs raised above the ground. To a slight de- 

 gvee salt serves to protect cattle against infection with internal para- 

 L-ites, and plenty of it should therefore be kept accessible. 



Medicinal treatment. — Among the remedies used to remove stomach 

 worms may be mentioned coal-tar creosote, bluest one, and gasoline. 

 It is advisable to treat not only the animals which are seriously 

 affected, but the rest of the herd as well, since the parasites with 

 which they are infested will remain as a source of reinfection to the 

 othei-s. The cattle should be removed to. 

 fi'esh pasture after treatment, if possible. 



The animal to be treated should be de- 

 prived of feed for 12 to 16, or even 24 hours, 

 before they are dosed, and if bluestone is 

 used should receive no water on the day 

 they are dosed, either before or after dosing. 

 In drenching, a long-necked bottle or a 

 drenching tube may be used. In case a 

 bottle is used the dose to be given may be 

 first measured off, poured into the bottle, 

 and the point marked on the outside of the 

 bottle with a file, so that subsequent doses 

 may be measured in the bottle itself. A 

 simple form of drenching tube (fig. 21) con- 

 sists of a piece of rubber tubing about 3 feet 

 long and one-half inch in diameter, with an 

 ordinary tin funnel inserted in one end and 

 a piece of brass or iron tubing 4 to G inches 

 long and of suitable diameter inserted in the 

 other end. In use the metal tul)e is placed 

 in the animal's mouth between the back 

 teeth, and the dose is j^oured into the fun- 

 nel, which is either held by an assistant or 

 fastened to a post. The flow of liquid through the tube is con- 

 trolled by pinching the rubber tubing near the point of union with 

 the metal tube. It is important not to raise the animal's head too 

 high on account of the danger of the dose entering the lungs. The 

 nose should not be raised higher than the level of the eyes. The 

 animal may be dosed either standing on all fours or lying on the 

 side. It has been found by experiment that if the dose is taken 

 quietly most of it will pass directly to the fourth stomach when the 

 animal is dosed in a standing position, and that when the animal is 

 dosed lying down little or none of the dose passes immediately to the 

 fourth stomach. From this it is evident that the position on all 



0.1 mm. 



Fio. 20.— Embryo of twisted 

 stomach worm. (Hwmon- 

 rhus contortus) coiled on 

 tip of grass blade. 



