11 



one the liorse\s Lead luay be lield up by the left huiul ^vhile the medi- 

 cine is poured into the mouth by the right. The left thumb is to be 

 placed in the angle of the lower jaw, and the fingers spread out in 

 such a manner as to suj)port the lower lip. Sliould the dose be large, 

 the horse ugly, or the attendant unable to support the head as directed 

 above, the head is then to be held u]) by running the tines of a long- 

 handled wooden fork under the nose-band of the halter; the halter- 

 strap or a roi^e may be fastened to the nose-band and thrown over a 

 limb, beam, or through a pulley suspended from the ceiling. Another 

 way of supporting the head is to jilace a loop in the end of a roj^e, and 

 introduce this loop into the mouth just behind the upx)er front teeth 

 or tusli;s, the free end to be run through a pulley, as before described, 

 and lield by an assistant. It is never to be fastened, as the horse 

 might do himself serious injury if made fast. The head is to be ele- 

 vated just enough to prevent the horse from throwing the liquid out 

 of his mouth. The line of the face should be horizontal, or only the 

 least particle higher. If the head is drawn too high tlie animal can 

 not swallow with ease, or even with safetj". (If this is doubtful, just 

 fill your mouth with w'ater, throw back the head as far as possible, 

 and then trj^ to swallow.) The person giving the drench should stand 

 on some object in order to reach the horse's mouth, on a level, or a 

 little above it. The bottle or horn is then to be introduced at the side 

 of the mouth, in front of the molar teeth, in an upward direction. 

 This will cause the horse to open his mouth, when the base of the bot- 

 tle is to be suddenly elevated, and about 4 ounces of the liquid allowed 

 to escape on the tongue as far back as possible, care being used not to 

 get tlic neck of the bottle between the back teetli. The bottle is to be 

 immediately removed, and if the horse does not swallow this can be 

 encouraged by rubbing the fingers or neck of the bottle against the 

 roof of the mouth, occasionally removing them. As soon as this is 

 swallowed repeat the operation until he has taken all tlie drench. If 

 coughing occurs, or if, by any mishap, the bottle should be crushed 

 in the mouth, lower the head immediately. 



Do not rub, pincli, or X)ound the throat, nor draw out the tongue 

 when giving a drench. These in no wa}^ aid the horse to swallow and 

 oftener do harm. 



Drenches must never he (jlcen through the )wse: they are liable to 

 strangle the animal, or, if the medicine is irritating, it sets np an inflam- 

 mation of the nose, fauces, windpipe, and sometimes the lungs. Cattle 

 are easily drenched by simply holding them by the nose with the left 

 hand, while the medicine is j)oured into the niouth with the right. 

 Balls are not to be given to cattle; they often become imbedded in the 

 great mass of food in the stomach and act tardily or not at all. 



(2) Medicines are administered to the lungs and upjjer air passages 

 by insuiflation, inlialation, and nasal douche. Insufflation, consists of 

 blowing an impalpable powder directly into the nose. It is but rarely 



