8G 



emi)tied. In tlie smootli phosi^liatic variety tlie irritation is mueli 

 less marked, and may even be altogether absent. With the pulla- 

 ceous deposit in the bladder there is incontinence of nrine, Avhich 

 dribbles away continually and keeps the hair on the inner side of the 

 thighs matted with soft magma. In all cases alike the calculus may 

 be felt by the examination of the bladder with the oiled hand in the 

 rectum. The i^ear-shaped outline of the bladder can be felt beneatli, 

 and within it the solid oval body. It is most easily recognized if the 

 organ is half full of liquid, as then it is not grasped b}' the contract- 

 ing walls of the bladder, l)ut majO^e made to move from j)lace to place 

 in the liquid. If a pultaceous mass is present it has a soft, doughy 

 feeling, and when pressed an indentation is left. 



In the mare the hard stone may be touched by the finger intro- 

 duced through the short urethra. 



Tlie treatment of stone in the bladder consists in the removal of the 

 offending body. In the mare this is easily affected with the lithot- 

 omy forceps. These are slightlj^ warmed and oiled, and carried 

 forward along the floor of the passage of the vulva for 4 inches, when 

 the orifice of the urethra will be felt exactly in the median line. 

 Through this the forcejjs are gradually pushed with gentle oscillating 

 movement until they enter the l)ladder and strike against the hard 

 surface of the stone. Tlie stone is now grasped between the blades, 

 care being taken to include no loose fold of the mucous membrane, 

 and it is gradualh' withdrawn with the same careful oscillating 

 motions as before. Facility and safety in seizing the stone will be 

 greatly favored by having the bladder half full of liquid, and if nec- 

 essarj^ one oiled hand may be introduced into the rectum or vagina 

 to assist. The resulting irritation may be treated by an injection of 

 laudanum, 1 ounce, in a x^int of tepid water. 



The removal of the stone in the horse is a inucli more difficult i^ro- 

 ceeding. It consists in cutting into the uretlira, just beneath the anus 

 and introducing the lithotomy forceps from this forward into the blad- 

 der, as in the mare. It is needful to distend the ui^ethra with tepid 

 water or to insert a sound or catheter to furnish a guide upon which 

 the incision maybe made, and in case of a large stone it maybe need- 

 ful to enlarge the x)assage by cutting in a direction upward and out- 

 ward with a probe-pointed knife, the back of which is slid along in 

 the groove of a director until it enters the bladder. 



The horse may be operated upon in the standing position, being 

 simi)ly i)ressed against a wall by a pole passed from before backward 

 along the other side of the body. The tepid Avater is injected into the 

 end of the penis uniil it is felt to fluctuate under the j^ressure of the 

 flnger, in the median line over the bone just beneath the anus. The 

 incision is then made into the center of the fluctuating canal, and from 

 above downward. AVhen a sound or catheter is used as a guide it is 

 inserted througli tlie penis until it can be felt through the skin at the 



