98 



also occurs independent of other affections; and, as before mentioned, 

 is a symptom of polypus or tumor in the nose. 



Injuries to the head, exertion, violent sneezing — causing a rupture 

 of a small blood-vessel — also induce it. Tlie bleeding is almost inva- 

 riably from one nostril only, and is never very serious. The blood 

 escapes in drops (very seldom in a stream), and is never frothy as when 

 the hemorrhage is from the lungs. (See "Bleeding from Lungs.") 

 In most cases, bathing the head and wasliing out the nostrils with cold 

 water are all that is necessary. If the cause is known you will be 

 guided according to circumstances. If the bleeding continues, pour 

 ice-cold water over the face, between the eyes and down over the nasal 

 chambers. A bag containing ice in small pieces applied to the head 

 is often efficient. If in spite of these measures the hemorrhage con- 

 tinues, try plugging the nostrils with cotton, tow, or oakum. Tie a 

 string around the plug before it is pushed up into the nostril, so that 

 it can be safely withdrawn after four or five hours. If both nostrils 

 are bleeding plug only one nostril at a time. If the hemorrhage is pro- 

 fuse and persistent give a drench composed of 1 dram of acetate of 

 lead dissolved in a pint of water; or 1 dram gallic acid dissolved in a 

 pint of water may be tried. 



INFLAMMATION OP THE PHAKYNX. 



As alread}^ stated, the pharynx is common to the functions of both 

 respiration and alimentation. From this organ the air passes into the 

 larynx and thence onward to the lungs. In the posterior part of 

 the pharynx is the superior extremitj^ of the gullet, the canal through 

 which the food and water pass to the stomach. Inflammation of the 

 pharynx is a complication of other diseases, viz. , influenza, strangles, 

 etc., and is probably always, more or less, complicated with inflamma- 

 tion of the larynx. That it may exist as an independent affection there 

 is no reason to doubt, but so closely do the symptoms resemble those 

 of laryngitis, and as the treatment is the same as for the latter disease, 

 it is unnecessary to give it further consideration in a separate article. 



SORE THROAT — LARYNGITIS. 



The larynx is situated in the space between the lower jaw bones just 

 back of the root of the tongue, and is retained in this position by the 

 windpipe, muscles, and bones to which it is attached. It may be con- 

 sidered as a box (somewhat depressed on each side), composed princi- 

 pally of cartilages and small muscles, and lined on the inside with a 

 continuation of the respiratory mucous membrane. Posteriorly it 

 opens into and is continuous with the windpipe. It is the organ of the 

 voice, the vocal cords being situated within it; but in the horse this 

 function is of little or no consequence. It dilates and contracts to a 

 certain extent like the nostrils, thus regulating the volume of air pass- 

 ing through it. The mucous membrane lining it internally is so highly 



