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quarters, such as a badly ventilated stable, where the foul gases are 

 shut in and the pure air is shut out; or the stable may be so open 

 that i)arts of the body are exposed to draughts of cold air. Either 

 of the foregoing causes may induce congestion of the lungs in an ani- 

 mal predisposed to it on account of having already a disease of the 

 respiratory organs. The congestion is soon followed by the other 

 stages of inflammation, and a case of i^neumonia is established with 

 a tendency to a fatal termination, as it is altogether likelj'^ the animal 

 will be so much reduced in constitution as to be unable to fight off a 

 collapse. An animal is predisposed to pneumonia when debilitated 

 by any constitutional disease, and especially during convalescence if 

 exj)osed to any of the exciting causes. Foreign bodies, such as food, 

 accidentally getting in the lungs by way of the mndpipe, as well as 

 the inhalation of irritating gases and smoke, ofttimes produce fatal 

 attacks of inflammation of the lung and bronchial tubes. Pneumo- 

 nia is frequently seen in connection with other diseases, such as influ- 

 enza, purjDura hemorrhagica, strangles, glanders, etc. An abnormal 

 state of the blood j)redisposes to it. Pneumonia and pleurisy are 

 most common during cold, damp weather, and especiallj^ during the 

 prevalence of the cold north and northeasterly winds. Wounds punc- 

 turing the thoracic cavity may induce it. 



Symptoms. — Pneumonia, when a primary disease, is ushered in by 

 a chill, more or less prolonged, which in most cases is seen neither 

 by the owner nor the attendant, but is overlooked. The breathing 

 becomes accelerated, and the animal hangs its head and has a very 

 dull appearance. The mouth is hot and has a sticky feeling to the 

 touch ; the heat conveyed to the finger in the mouth demonstrates a 

 fever; if the thermometer is placed in the rectum the temperature 

 will be found to have risen to 103° F., or higher. The pulse is verj^ 

 frequent, beating from seventy or eighty to one hundred or more a 

 minute; the character of the pulse varies very much; it may be hard 

 or feeble, large or small, intermitting, etc. There is usually a dry 

 cough from the beginning, which, however, changes in character as 

 the disease advances; for instance, it may become moist, or if pleu- 

 risy sets in the cough will be peculiar to the latter affection, that is, 

 cut short in the endeavor to suppress it. In some cases the discharge 

 from the nostrils is tinged with blood, while in other cases it has the 

 appearance of matter. The appetite is lost to a greater or less extent, 

 but the desire for water is increased, particularly during the onset of 

 the fever. The membrane within the nostrils is red and at first dry, 

 but sooner or later becomes moist. The legs are cold. The bowels 

 are more or less constipated, and what dung is passed is usually cov- 

 ered Avith a slimy mucus. The urine is passed in smaller quantities 

 than usual and is of a darker color. 



The animal prefers to have the head where the freshest air can be 

 obtained. When affected with pneumonia a horse does not lie down. 



