or left. Ill other'cases the flexor muscles of the fore-limbs are con- 

 tracted so that these members are strongly bent at the knee. In 

 neither of these cases can the distorted part be extended and straight- 

 ened, so that body or limbs must necessarily^ present double, and 

 natural deliver}- is rendered impossible. The bent neck may some- 

 times be straightened after the muscles have been cut on the side to 

 which it is turned, and the bent limbs after the tendons on the back 

 of the shank bone have been cut across. Failing to accomplisli this, 

 the next resort is to emhryoiov}]]. 



TUMORS OF THE FCETUS — INCLOSED OVUM. 



Tumors or diseased growths may form on any part of the foal, in- 

 ternal or external, and by their size impede or hinder parturition. In 

 some cases what appears as a tumor is an imprisoned and undevel- 

 oped ovurn^ which has grafted itself on the foetus. These are usually 

 sacculated and may contain skin, hair, muscle, bone, and other 

 natural tissues. The only course to be pursued in such cases is to 

 excise the tumor, or, if this is not feasible, to perform emhryotoniy. 



MONSTROSITIES. 



Monstrositj- in the foal is an occasional cause of difficult joarturition, 

 especially such monsters as show excessive development of some part 

 of tlie body, a displacement or distortion of jDarts, or a redundancy 

 of parts, as in double monsters. Monsters may be divided into — 



(1) Monsters with absence of parts — alisence of head, limb, or other 

 organ. 



(2) Monsters with some part abnormally small — dwarfed iiead, limb, 

 trunk, etc. 



(.3) Monsters through unnatural division of parts — cleft head, trunk, 

 limbs, etc. 



(4) Monsters through absence of natural divisions — absence of 

 mouth, nose, eyes, anus, confluent digits, etc. 



(5) IVfonsters through fusion of jjarts — one central eye, one nasal 

 opening, etc. 



(0) Monsters through abnormal position or form of xiarts — curved 

 spine, face, limb, etc: 



(7) Monsters through excess of formation — enormous head, super- 

 numerarj" digits, etc. 



(8) Monsters tlirougli imperfect differentiation of sexual organs — 

 hermaphrodites. 



(r») Double monsters — double-lieaded, double-bodied, extra limbs, 

 etc. 



The Cannes of monstrosities appear to be very varied. Some mon- 

 strosities, like extra digits, absence of horns or tails, etc., run in fami- 

 lies and are produced almost as certaiuly as color or form. Others 

 are associated with too close breeding, the powers of symmetrical 



