518 



appearing- wliere there were only neg-ativc signs of pulmonary trouble, 

 or we may find them grafted upon the tubular murmur of the pneu- 

 monia if the latter has been detected in the earlier stages of the dis- 

 ease. These are mostly distinctly heard over the trachea and on the 

 sides of the chest directly behind the slioulders. With the develop- 

 ment of the mucous rales, to be heard on auscultation, we have a m.ore 

 purulent discharge from the nostrils, similar to that of a chronic or 

 sub-acute bronchitis. If the inflammation has been of some standing, 

 cavernous rales may be heard indicating the destruction of a consid- 

 erable portion of lung tissue and the formation of a cavity. The effects 

 of this more acute inflammatory process are not appreciable in the 

 general condition of the animal, except to still further weaken it and 

 add to its debilitated and emaciated cachexia. Gangrene frequently 

 occurs. A sudden rise of the body temperature one or two degrees, 

 with a more enfeebled pulse and a still more tumultous heart, develop 

 simultaneously with the appearance of a discharge from the nostrils. 

 Tliis discharge -is gray in color, serous or watery in consistency, mixed 

 with the detritus of broken-down lung tissue, and sometimes contains 

 clots of blood, or in more serious cases may be marked by a quantity 

 of fluid blood from a hemorrhage, which proves fatal. The discharge 

 is fetid to the smell. The animal emaciates rapidly. On examination 

 of the lungs m ucous rales are heard in the larger bronchi, cavities may 

 be found at any part of these organs, and points of lobular pneumonia 

 ma}' bo detected. 



Diagnosis.— The diagnosis of oBdematous pneumonia at the outset 

 is aided greatly by a rigid examination of the surroundings, and still 

 more so by the history or knowledge of previous cases in the same 

 stable. The cough and commencing fever of the first few days have 

 nothing diagnostic in them, but when combined with repeated chills, 

 a soft pulse, a tumultuous heart, the rapidly stained dull yellow 

 mucous membranes, and the staggering gait of the animal without 

 marked brain trouble, the diagnosis becomes more easy. In pneu- 

 monia the fever is always of a more sthenic character, the fever is con- 

 comitant, or precedes the marked lung trouble; the yellowish discolor- 

 ation is a phenomenon of the later stages of the disease; the debility 

 of the muscles is simple weakness, or, if complicated by want of 

 coordination, it accompanies an evident brain trouble and loss of 

 consciousness. In pneumonia there has always been in the lungs the 

 regular series of absence of vesicular murmur, crepitant rales, and 

 then tubular murmur. While the pulse in a simple pneumonia may 

 in the later stages become very soft and weak, it commences as a 

 tense and full one. The heart only becomes irregular as the result of 

 cardiac com.plieation, and never assumes the tumultuous character 

 of the septic diseases unless gangrene occurs, in which case the 

 animal is only of value as a scientific study to the veterinary attend- 

 ant. In influenza the symptoms of fever develop before any local 



