124 FOSSIL MEN. 



tration of this I have before me three Canadian arrow- 

 heads from the collection of a friend (Fig. 25). They 

 are of two types, the long and short, and are made of 

 similar kinds of dark quartzite. They are from Hop- 

 kins Island, in the St. Lawrence, a place to which the 

 Indians resorted in pursuit of wild fowl, in killing 

 which these arrows, larger than thosQ commonly em- 

 ployed in war, were probably used. These specimens 

 were selected from a large number, showing all sorts 

 of gradations from the rudest to the most perfect, and 

 yet all probably made and used by the same tribes at 

 the same time and in the same circumstances. The 

 southern Indians are shown by Jones to have used 

 large arrow-heads with chisel-shaped ends for striking 

 off the heads of small birds, and some of their arrow- 

 heads which at first sight seem rude and misshapen 

 are found to have been bevelled with opposite slopes 

 on the sides, so as to give a rotatory motion, consti- 

 tuting as it were rifled arrows. 



In America the rudest of all rude implements, 

 similar to the Palaeolithic type of the European 

 archaeologists, were used not by the ruder tribes but 

 by the more settled and civilized agricultural nations. 

 They are found most abundantly in the river valleys 

 occupied by the southern tribes of the United States, 

 and in the valleys of the Mississippi and Ohio. It is 

 the opinion of most American archaeologists that 

 they were hoes or spades, and this is probably the 

 most rational explanation of their use. The more 

 civilized American tribes, from the gulf of Mexico to 



