LOST AETS OF PRIMITIVE EACES. 173 



valuable product, and the implements therein their 

 knives for cutting up the flesh, their hammers for 

 breaking the bones, and their bodkins and needles 

 for sewing up the skin bags in which it was finally 

 put up for the markets of the Stone age. If we take 

 this view, so accordant with American analogies, it 

 will explain why the greater part of the chipped bones 

 in many cave deposits bear no traces of cooking; 

 and will relieve the cave men from the suspicion 

 which has been cast upon their memory, that they 

 habitually ate raw venison. 



In a previous chapter I referred to the old quarries 

 of flint in the Flint Ridge on the Ohio, and to the 

 mines of the ancient Alleghans in the copper districts 

 of Lake Superior. These mining arts, like the agri- 

 culture of many of the more settled tribes, have 

 become lost to the modern Indian, and in the case 

 of his flint mines, even to the white men who have 

 succeeded him, and who, while they have at a com- 

 paratively recent time reopened his copper mines, 

 have found that in all the more important of these 

 they had been anticipated by the Indians. In like 

 manner there are obsolete mines of the flint age in 

 Europe. Evans describes those of ' ' Grimes Graves " 

 at Brandon, where 250 flint mines have been found. 

 They are shafts sunk through chalk, in some cases to 

 the depth of thirty-nine feet, to reach a layer of 

 specially good flint. Galleries had been run out from 

 them horizontally in this layer. The miners had 

 worked with picks and chisels of deer's antlers and 



