180 FOSSIL MEN. 



artificially, modes of carrying infants may have an 

 effect. Wilson has pointed this out in the case of the 

 connection of the American cradle-board with a flat 

 form of occiput. So there is some reason to believe 

 that severe work on the part of the mother tends to 

 produce long heads in the children, and that less 

 constant work, as well as nomadic habits, tends to 

 shortness of head. 



Let us sum up these remarks in a few general state- 

 ments, and then proceed to inquire how they apply 

 to the^American Indians and to pre-historic men in 

 Europe. First, then, forms of skulls are often merely 

 individual, and much variety thus exists in the skulls 

 of one and the same race. Secondly, when a suf- 

 ficient number of skulls are compared, certain general 

 characters for a race, at any given time of its history, 

 can be obtained. Thirdly, the cranial characters of 

 races being dependent on external circumstances and 

 on culture, may vary in the lapse of ages. Fourthly, 

 cranial characters are thus of even more importance 

 in determining the low or elevated condition of a 

 people than the race from which they have been 

 derived. Fifthly, the small development of the frontal 

 and superior regions of the skull, and the large size of 

 the jaws and facial bones, are marks of low type. 

 Sixthly, long heads with low frontal region generally 

 belong to the lowest race; short and broad heads 

 often to an intermediate stage of culture ; and regu- 

 larly oval heads to the highest type. 



If we connect these different forms of skull 



