344 FOSSIL MEN. 



ments found in the gravels of New Jersey. These may be 

 older than any other human remains known in Eastern 

 America, but they are obviously Post-glacial, and not dissimilar 

 in their general mode of occurrence, from the European river 

 gravels discussed in the body of this work. They require 

 additional examination, from a geological point of view, before 

 their precise relation to the modern period can be determined. 

 In the same Eeports, Schumacher describes the manufacture 

 of stone pots and mortars by the ancient Indians of California, 

 and shows that they used in this manufacture tools of purely 

 Palaeolithic type, though the pots were beautifully formed out 

 of material detached with great labour from the solid rock. 

 Mr. Putnam gives an interesting account of a similar manu- 

 facture in New England. One manufactory of soapstone pots 

 seems to have existed at Christiania, Lancaster Co., Pennsyl- 

 vania, while numerous fragments of pots and rude stone 

 implements have been found. Another ancient quarry has 

 been found near Providence, E.I. At this place a bed or 

 vein of steatite had been so extensively quarried that in re- 

 opening it over three hundred cartloads of debris of the manu- 

 factory, mixed with rude stone implements and fragments 

 of pots, had to be removed. The chisels were/ of hard 

 stone rudely chipped, from 5 to 8^ inches in length, rounded 

 roughly at one end, and pointed at the other. The method 

 used in working out the round or oval masses of steatite 

 to be cut into pots, was precisely that employed in California 

 on the opposite side of the continent. Another ancient 

 quarry of this kind has recently been discovered in Virginia. 

 Had any of these quarries been situated on the bank of a 

 river subject to floods, and especially those ice-floods which in 

 early spring sometimes devastate the valleys of our American 

 rivers, gravel beds full of palaeolithic implements must have 

 resulted. 



" PLIOCENE " MAN IN CALIFOKNIA. THE CALAVEKAS SKULL. 



The mention of stone pots and mortars leads to a considera- 

 tion of the circumstances under which these have been found 

 at great depths in the auriferous gravels of California. Since 



